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Acta Metall Sin  2018, Vol. 54 Issue (4): 591-602    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2017.00334
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Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloys (Ni, Co)-Al-(Ta, Ti)-(Cr, Mo, W) Designed by Cluster-Plus-Glue-Atom Model and Their 1000 h Long-Term Ageing Behavior at 900 ℃
Yu ZHANG1, Qing WANG1, Honggang DONG1, Chuang DONG1(), Hongyu ZHANG2, Xiaofeng SUN2
1 Key laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2 Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Yu ZHANG, Qing WANG, Honggang DONG, Chuang DONG, Hongyu ZHANG, Xiaofeng SUN. Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloys (Ni, Co)-Al-(Ta, Ti)-(Cr, Mo, W) Designed by Cluster-Plus-Glue-Atom Model and Their 1000 h Long-Term Ageing Behavior at 900 ℃. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(4): 591-602.

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Abstract  

It has been pointed out recently that the compositions of industrial alloys are originated from cluster-plus-glue-atom structure units in solid solutions. Specifically for nickel-based superalloys, after properly grouping the alloying elements into Al, Ni-like (, including Ni, Co, Fe, Re, Ru and Ir), γ′γ′, including Ta, Ti, V, Nb), and γ-forming Cr-like (γ, including Cr, Mo and W), the optimal formula for single-crystal superalloys has been established [Al-12](Al1γ′0.5γ1.5). In this work, the first generation single-crystal superalloys were investigated on the basis of the proposed formula, by using =(Ni and Co), γ′=(Ta and Ti), and γ=(Cr, Mo and W). Two series of alloys were designed, formulated respectively as group A: [Al-Ni11Co1](Al1TaxTi0.5-xCr1W0.25Mo0.25), with x=0, 0.25 and 0.5 (the corresponding mass fractions of Ta and Ti are respectively 0Ta-2.65Ti, 4.82Ta-1.26Ti and 9.32Ta-0Ti), and group B: [Al-Ni12-yCoy](Al1Ta0.25Ti0.25Cr1W0.25Mo0.25), with y=1.5, 1.75, 2 and 2.5 (the corresponding mass fractions of Co are respectively 9.43Co, 11Co, 12.57Co and 15.71Co). The single-crystal superalloys were prepared using selector technique. And then they underwent the following tests of incipient melting, standard heat treatment and 1000 h long term ageing at 900 ℃. It is found that: (1) In group A, with increasing Ta content (decreasing Ti), all the incipient melting temperatures are increased to above 1330 ℃, and to the highest value is between 1335 ℃ and 1340 ℃ for alloy 9.32Ta-0Ti; the γ/γ′ lattice negative misfits after standard heat treatment are reduced from -0.262% (0Ta-2.65Ti) to -0.247% (9.32Ta-0Ti); the γ′ coarsening tendency after long-term ageing is deduced, and alloy 9.32Ta-0Ti has the lowest coarsening rate (K=5.6×10-5 μm3/h). (2) In group B, the Co content does not influence the incipient melting temperature (always above 1330 ℃) and the coarsening rate of γ′ after long-term ageing. The major role of Co is to increase the mean size of the γ′ precipitates to about 0.55 μm and the γ′ volume fraction to about 69% after the standard heat treatment. These two groups of alloys have their γ′ coarsening rates approaching the level of third-generation single-crystal superalloys (K≈(2.08~3.82)×10-5 μm3/h).
Key words:  nickel-based single-crystal superalloy      cluster-plus-glue-atom model      long-term ageing      lattice misfit      γ′ coarsening rate;     
Received:  14 August 2017     
ZTFLH:  TG113  
  TG132.32  
Fund: Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFB0701401) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11674045)
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Yu ZHANG
Qing WANG
Honggang DONG
Chuang DONG
Hongyu ZHANG
Xiaofeng SUN

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2017.00334     OR     https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2018/V54/I4/591

Fig.1  Schematic of fcc-CN12 cluster ([Al-Ni12] cluster, red and green balls represent Ni and Al atoms respectively)
Group Alloy Cluster formula Alloy / (mass fraction / %)
Ta Ti Co Al Cr Mo W Ni
A 0Ta-2.65Ti [Al-Ni11Co1](Al1Ti0.5Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
x=0,ρ=8.18 gcm-3		 N 0 2.65 6.52 5.97 5.75 2.65 5.08 Bal.
M 0 2.35 6.62 5.49 5.43 2.63 4.96
E -0.30 0.10 -0.48 -0.32 -0.02 -0.12
4.82Ta-1.28Ti [Al-Ni11Co1](Al1Ta0.25Ti0.25Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
x=0.25,ρ=8.44 gcm-3		 N 4.82 1.28 6.29 5.76 5.55 2.56 4.90
M 4.77 1.08 6.17 5.46 5.29 2.73 4.96
E -0.05 -0.20 -0.12 -0.30 -0.26 0.17 0.06
9.32Ta-0Ti [Al-Ni11Co1](Al1Ta0.5Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
x=0.5,ρ=8.72 gcm-3		 N 9.32 0 6.07 5.56 5.36 2.47 4.73
M 9.11 0 6.00 5.28 5.17 2.45 4.77
E -0.21 -0.07 -0.28 -0.19 -0.02 0.04
B 9.43Co [Al-Ni10.5Co1.5](Al1Ta0.25Ti0.25Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
y=1.5,ρ=8.47 gcm-3		 N 4.82 1.28 9.43 5.75 5.54 2.56 4.90
M 4.68 1.17 9.36 5.57 5.43 2.64 4.91
E -0.14 -0.11 -0.07 -0.18 -0.11 0.08 0.01
11Co [Al-Ni10.25Co1.75](Al1Ta0.25Ti0.25Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
y=1.75,ρ=8.45 gcm-3		 N 4.82 1.28 11.00 5.75 5.54 2.56 4.90
M 4.70 1.17 10.92 5.54 5.41 2.64 4.89
E -0.12 -0.11 -0.08 -0.21 -0.13 0.08 -0.01
12.57Co [Al-Ni10Co2](Al1Ta0.25Ti0.25Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
y=2,ρ=8.46 gcm-3		 N 4.82 1.28 12.57 5.75 5.54 2.56 4.90
M 4.72 1.17 12.48 5.54 5.38 2.64 4.88
E -0.10 -0.11 -0.09 -0.21 -0.16 0.08 -0.02
15.71Co [Al-Ni9.5Co2.5](Al1Ta0.25Ti0.25Cr1W0.25Mo0.25)
y=2.5,ρ=8.44 gcm-3		 N 4.82 1.28 15.71 5.75 5.54 2.56 4.90
M 4.77 1.08 15.68 5.52 5.34 2.72 4.72
E -0.05 -0.20 -0.03 -0.23 -0.20 0.16 -0.18
Table 1  Nominal compositions (N), XRF results of parent alloys (M, measures), errors (E) and densities (ρ) of single-crystal samples
Fig.2  SEM images of samples at the lowest incipient melting temperatures (The lowest temperatures for almost all the samples are 1335 ℃ except for 9.32Ta-0Ti (1340 ℃))

(a) 0Ta-2.65Ti (b) 4.82Ta-1.28Ti (c) 9.32Ta-0Ti (d) 9.43Co (e) 11Co (f) 12.57Co (g) 15.71Co

Fig.3  SEM images of samples after standard heat treatment (HT) and long-term ageing for 0Ta-2.65Ti (a1~a4), 4.82Ta-1.28Ti (b1~b4), 9.32Ta-0Ti (c1~c4), 9.43Co (d1~d4), 11Co (e1~e4), 12.57Co (f1~f4) and 15.71Co (g1~g4) alloys

(a1~g1) HT (a2~g2) 900 ℃, 300 h (a3~g3) 900 ℃, 500 h (a4~g4) 900 ℃, 1000 h

Fig.4  Analyses on γ′ precipitations after standard HT and 900 ℃, 1000 h long-term ageing for group A (in dash line) and group B (in solid lines) alloys (r—size of γ′, t—time, K—coarsening rate, r0—mean size of initial γ′ (after standard HT), rt —mean size of instantaneous γ′)

(a) volume fraction of γ′ after standard HT

(b) size of γ′ after standard HT and long-term ageing

(c) size of γ′ vs time after standard HT and long-term ageing

(d) coarsening rate of γ′ after the long-term ageing

Fig.6  Alloying element vector plot from d-electron method, showing element classification feature (Bo is the bond order between M element atoms and nickel atoms; Md is the d-orbital energy level of M element)
Fig.5  XRD spectra after standard HT (a, c, e) and SEM images creeped at 1050 ℃, 120 MPa (b, d, f) for group A alloys of 0Ta-2.65Ti (a, b), 4.82Ta-1.28Ti (c, d) and 9.32Ta-0Ti (e, f)
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