Research Progress on the Influence of the Deep-Sea Environment on the Stress Corrosion of Titanium Alloys

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00221

Acta Metall Sin

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (10): 1469-1484 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00221

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Research Progress on the Influence of the Deep-Sea Environment on the Stress Corrosion of Titanium Alloys

XU Weichen¹^,²(

), TONG Xiangyu¹^,², WANG Youqiang², ZHANG Binbin¹(

), MA Chaoqun¹^,², WANG Xiutong¹^,²

1 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
2 School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266525, China

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XU Weichen, TONG Xiangyu, WANG Youqiang, ZHANG Binbin, MA Chaoqun, WANG Xiutong. Research Progress on the Influence of the Deep-Sea Environment on the Stress Corrosion of Titanium Alloys. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(10): 1469-1484.

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Abstract

Titanium alloys are extensively used in deep-sea exploration and resource-development equipment. The harsh environment of the deep sea hinders the performance of titanium alloys. Although titanium alloys exhibit outstanding corrosion resistance, they are susceptible to stress corrosion. This study conducted a detailed analysis of the key factors influencing titanium alloys in deep-sea environments, such as hydrostatic pressure, temperature, salinity, and trace substances. The effects of mechanical stresses such as tensile, residual, and alternating stresses on the stress corrosion of titanium alloys were also analyzed. Consequently, the influence of the compositional design and microstructure of titanium alloys on their susceptibility and sensitivity to stress corrosion were discussed. This study highlighted significant gaps, particularly in understanding the effect of microstructure on stress corrosion, stress corrosion mechanisms in titanium-welded joints, synergistic effects of multiple deep-sea environmental factors, and the effect of complex stress conditions. Current studies primarily focused on material-level analysis rather than structural-level assessments. Existing corrosion protection technologies for deep-sea applications, particularly coating technologies for such environments, remain underdeveloped. To address these limitations, this study proposed prospective research areas, including the synergistic mechanism involving multiple environmental factors, the synergistic effect between creep and stress corrosion, the effect of microstructure and residual stress in welded joints, the development of innovative protection technologies, and simulations of multi-axis stress conditions and their effect on stress corrosion.

Key words: titanium alloy stress corrosion deep-sea environment stress corrosion cracking protective method

Received: 02 July 2024

ZTFLH:

TG171

Fund: National Science and Technology Major Project and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023ME063)

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	XU Weichen
	TONG Xiangyu
	WANG Youqiang
	ZHANG Binbin
	MA Chaoqun
	WANG Xiutong

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00221 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2025/V61/I10/1469

Fig.1 Schematic of stress corrosion mechanism of the TC4 welding bead

Fig.2 Schematic of testing equipment in real deep-sea environment^[15]
(a) submersible testing system on seabed
(b) bunch style testing system
(c) novel deep-sea environmental testing system: suspension style testing system (the left); efficient bunch style testing system (the right)

Fig.3 Effects of trace substances on stress corrosion of titanium alloys in deep-sea environment

Fig.4 Four typical microstructural types of commonly used titanium alloys^[87]
(a, a1-a3) equiaxed microstructure type (a), including three typical metallographic standard figures for near-α titanium alloy (a1), α + β titanium alloy (a2), and metastable β titanium alloy (a3) (b, b1-b3) bimodal microstructure type (b), including three typical metallographic standard figures for near-α titanium alloy (b1), α + β titanium alloy (b2), and metastable β titanium alloy (b3) (c, c1-c3) basket microstructure type (c), including three typical metallographic standard figures for broken grain boundary α phases (c1), discontinuous grain boundary α phases (c2), and massive transformation α phases (c3) (d, d1-d3) lamellar microstructure type (d), including three typical metallographic standard figures for thick lamellar α phases (d1), lamellar α phases (d2), and thin lamellar α phases (d3)

Fig.5 OM images of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at different magnifications (a-c)

Fig.6 Microstructures of the Ti-5%Ta-1.8%Nb alloy^[92]
(a) OM image showing the predominantly equiaxed structure
(b) SEM secondary electron image showing the fine intragranular β precipitates

Table 1 Key factors influencing the stress corrosion of titanium alloys in deep-sea environment

Fig.7 Microstructures of the base metal (a), heat-affected zone (b), and welding bead (c) of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo weldment

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