冷速对高碳铬轴承钢液析碳化物凝固析出机制的影响

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00024

金属学报

2022, Vol. 58

Issue (8): 1024-1034 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00024

研究论文

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冷速对高碳铬轴承钢液析碳化物凝固析出机制的影响

李闪闪¹^,², 陈云¹(

), 巩桐兆¹^,², 陈星秋¹, 傅排先¹, 李殿中¹

^1.中国科学院金属研究所沈阳材料科学国家研究中心沈阳 110016
^2.中国科学技术大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110016

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Precipitation Mechanism of Primary Carbide During Solidification in High Carbon-Chromium Bearing Steel

LI Shanshan¹^,², CHEN Yun¹(

), GONG Tongzhao¹^,², CHEN Xingqiu¹, FU Paixian¹, LI Dianzhong¹

^1.Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
^2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China

引用本文:

李闪闪, 陈云, 巩桐兆, 陈星秋, 傅排先, 李殿中. 冷速对高碳铬轴承钢液析碳化物凝固析出机制的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(8): 1024-1034.
Shanshan LI, Yun CHEN, Tongzhao GONG, Xingqiu CHEN, Paixian FU, Dianzhong LI. Effect of Cooling Rate on the Precipitation Mechanism of Primary Carbide During Solidification in High Carbon-Chromium Bearing Steel[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2022, 58(8): 1024-1034.

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摘要:

为明确液析碳化物的形成与工艺的关系和产生机制,以及受添加稀土元素的影响,对添加稀土元素和未添加稀土元素的GCr15系连铸高碳铬轴承钢进行了不同冷却速率下的重熔凝固实验。试样凝固完毕后,采用OM、EPMA、SEM和XRD等表征和分析了铸态轴承钢中的液析碳化物的数量、面积、平均尺寸和化学成分等与冷却速率的关系,以及添加稀土元素的影响效果。结果表明,GCr15系轴承钢液析碳化物的类型为M₃C型渗碳体,Cr含量较高,可达15% (质量分数)以上,并且随冷速增加,其数量明显增加。但是,当冷却速率较快时,初生奥氏体细化,同时因形成碳化物所需的C、Cr元素扩散时间减少,碳化物尺寸显著减小,且分布更加弥散均匀。通过对比分析添加稀土元素对凝固组织的影响,发现稀土元素有细化奥氏体进而细化液析碳化物的作用。根据不同冷速下液析碳化物的特点,提出了高碳铬轴承钢凝固过程一次碳化物形成的动力学机制。

关键词 ：轴承钢, 重熔凝固, 液析碳化物, 冷却速率

Abstract：

Bearing is one of the most technologically important engineering components in machines. With the development of several advanced steel-refining technologies to suppress the detrimental effect of nonmetallic inclusions on the mechanical properties of materials, the impact of carbides on the service life of bearings has gradually highlighted. The carbides have become a key factor in determining the performance of a bearing, particularly for primary carbides formed during the solidification of high carbon-chromium bearing steel. Therefore, exploring the formation mechanism of primary carbides and their control strategies is vital to improve the manufacturing process of bearing steel as well as the service life and reliability of bearings. To clarify the formation mechanism of primary carbides and the effects of the processing technique, as well as the addition of rare earth elements, a modified type of GCr15 high carbon-chromium bearing steel with and without rare earth elements was remelted and solidified at different cooling rates. After solidification, the quantity, area, average size, and chemical composition of the primary carbide in the as-cast bearing steel were characterized and analyzed via OM, EPMA, SEM, and XRD. The results show that the type of carbide in GCr15 series bearing steel is M₃C cementite with high Cr content (more than 15%, mass fraction). The nucleation rate of M₃C cementite increased with the increase in the cooling rate; thus, the number of carbides increased considerably. However, at very high cooling rates, the primary austenite was refined and the diffusion time of C and Cr elements required to form carbides declined; therefore, the size of carbides was reduced significantly, resulting in more uniform dispersion of the carbides. Moreover, the addition of rare earth elements could refine the primary austenite, and subsequently, refine the carbide to some extent. Considering the properties of the primary carbides at different cooling rates, the kinetic formation mechanism for the primary carbide in high carbon-chromium bearing steel during solidification is proposed.

Key words： bearing steel remelting and solidification primary carbide cooling rate

收稿日期: 2021-01-14

ZTFLH:

TG142

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52031013);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题项目(XDC04040202);中国科学院青年创新促进会项目

作者简介: 李闪闪,女,1994年生,硕士生

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00024 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2022/V58/I8/1024

表1 未添加稀土元素的GCr15SiMn钢和添加稀土元素的GCr15SiMn(RE)钢的化学成分 (mass fraction / %)

图1 重熔凝固前后GCr15SiMn和GCr15SiMn(RE)钢的圆柱试样,以及所使用的刚玉坩埚

图2 采用Thermo-Calc软件计算的GCr15SiMn钢的伪二元相图

图3 试样熔化和凝固实验过程中的加热和冷却曲线

图4 直径为600 mm的GCr15SiMn连铸轴承钢锭中心区域出现的典型液析碳化物形貌的OM像

图5 不同冷速下GCr15SiMn钢铸态显微组织的OM像

图6 不同冷速下GCr15SiMn(RE)钢铸态显微组织的OM像

图7 冷速对块状孤立液析碳化物的影响

表2 不同冷速下孤立液析碳化物平均直径分布 (quantity percentage / %)

表3 冷速为1℃/min的GCr15SiMn和GCr15SiMn(RE)试样凝固的奥氏体晶粒尺寸分布(数量)

图8 冷速对共晶碳化物面积的影响

图9 电解萃取GCr15SiMn和GCr15SiMn(RE)连铸轴承钢锭液析碳化物颗粒的SEM像和XRD谱

图10 冷速对液析碳化物化学组成的影响

图11 液析碳化物的形成过程示意图

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