纳米晶304不锈钢板材的微观组织、显微硬度与耐腐蚀性能
Microstructure, Microhardness, and Corrosion Resistance of Nanocrystalline 304 Stainless Steel Plates
通讯作者: 王胜刚,sgwang@imr.ac.cn,主要从事纳米晶金属材料制备及其相关性能研究
收稿日期: 2024-07-25 修回日期: 2024-08-29
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Corresponding authors: WANG Shenggang, professor, Tel:
Received: 2024-07-25 Revised: 2024-08-29
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作者简介 About authors
陈园,女,1998年生,硕士生
为了理解纳米晶和普通304不锈钢耐腐蚀性能与微观组织和显微硬度之间的关系,本工作研究了普通304不锈钢(CPSS-304)和采用深度轧制技术制备的纳米晶304不锈钢板材(NSSP-304)三个相互垂直面的显微硬度。利用XRD、TEM和EBSD等方法表征了NSSP-304和CPSS-304的微观组织。结果表明,NSSP-304三个面的显微硬度均大于CPSS-304且显微硬度分布更均匀。NSSP-304轧制面显微硬度比其他两个面的显微硬度高约40 HV,这与其织构({110}<211>)有关。NSSP-304在室温下0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中恒电位极化后,腐蚀速率及其随极化时间的变化范围都小于CPSS-304;在6%FeCl3溶液(35 ℃)浸泡过程中,NSSP-304的腐蚀速率及其变化幅度均低于CPSS-304。在两种溶液中,NSSP-304点腐蚀孔洞的密度和尺寸都小于CPSS-304。尽管NSSP-304制备过程中发生严重的形变(总形变量大于70%)且产生织构、形变孪晶和高密度位错,但是NSSP-304在两种腐蚀溶液中的均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀阻力都高于CPSS-304。NSSP-304的显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能同时提高,与其晶粒细化、形变孪晶、高的位错密度和高的小角度晶界含量形成的价电子结构有关。
关键词:
To understand the relations between the corrosion behaviors of nanocrystalline and conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steels and their microstructures and microhardness, the microhardness of nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel plate (NSSP-304) produced using severe rolling technology and its counterpart of a conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steel (CPSS-304) were investigated on the three planes perpendicular to each other. The microstructures of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 were characterized using XRD, TEM, and EBSD. The microhardnesses on the three planes of NSSP-304 were higher than those of CPSS-304, which was unrelated to the martensite phase. The microhardness distributions on the three planes of NSSP-304 were more uniform than those of CPSS-304. The microhardness of NSSP-304 on the rolling plane was approximately 40 HV higher than on the other two planes, attributed to its weak texture ({110}<211>). Despite the weak texture, the corrosion rates of NSSP-304 varied with corrosion time within the narrower ranges than those of CPSS-304 during potentiostatic polarization in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution at room temperature and in 6%FeCl3 solution (35 oC). NSSP-304 exhibited lower corrosion rates compared to CPSS-304, while the pitting corrosion resistance of the former was higher than those of the latter in both kinds of aqueous solutions. These results demonstrated that the texture, the high microhardness, the twins, and high-density dislocations of NSSSP-304 did not degrade its uniform and pitting corrosion resistances despite undergoing severe deformation during production (total deformation > 70%). Compared to CPSS-304, the higher microhardness, improved uniformity, and pitting corrosion resistances of NSSP-304 were attributed to its distinct configurations of valence electrons (i.e., their higher binding energies, higher weight values at higher energy levels, lower weight values at lower levels, and larger work function) derived from its grain refinement, dislocation accumulation, deformation twins, and larger fraction of low angle grain boundaries.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
陈园, 宫春波, 王胜刚, 马嵩, 张志东.
CHEN Yuan, GONG Chunbo, WANG Shenggang, MA Song, ZHANG Zhidong.
304不锈钢作为常用的结构材料,在石化、核电、海洋工程、生物能源和食品医疗等领域应用广泛。为了满足不同工况对304不锈钢性能的要求,其力学性能和耐腐蚀性能一直是关注的重点。除了强度、塑性和疲劳寿命等参数以外,显微硬度也是力学性能的一个重要参数[1]。表面处理工艺能够改变304不锈钢的力学(显微硬度)性能和耐腐蚀性能。渗硼处理的AISI304L不锈钢,由于表面形成新相FeB和Fe2B,显微硬度达到1316.1 HV0.1,在10%H2SO4 (体积分数)溶液(50 ℃)中的耐腐蚀性能提高(硼化层的溶解速率低于304不锈钢)[2]。低能氮离子注入304不锈钢,形成的
压力加工能够改变304不锈钢的力学性能(显微硬度)和耐腐蚀性能。304不锈钢冷轧后,形变诱导马氏体和高密度位错导致304不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能降低和显微硬度提高;然而温轧304不锈钢(无形变马氏体)后,其细小晶粒、小角度晶界和任意取向的晶界提高了钢的腐蚀阻力和显微硬度[9]。冷轧304不锈钢显微硬度的提高是因为形变马氏体、孪晶和高密度位错的形成。然而,冷轧的304不锈钢经脉冲电子束表面处理后,耐均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀性能降低;由于马氏体含量减少和超细晶粒的形成,其表面显微硬度低于冷轧304不锈钢[10]。与普通304不锈钢相比,表面纳米化的304不锈钢显微硬度提高2~3倍,适当的表面纳米化工艺(经高碳钢AISI 52100/EN31球冲击,直径4 mm,冲击速率1.2 m/s)能够提高304不锈钢的耐均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀性能(室温,0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液)[11]。采用等通道角挤压技术制备的纳米晶304不锈钢(平均晶粒尺寸100 nm,显微硬度约475 HV),经800 ℃热处理30 min后,晶粒尺寸变大(平均晶粒尺寸为2.5 µm),显微硬度降低(约为260 HV)[12]。在316L不锈钢表面纳米化过程中,动态再结晶引起的晶粒细化(65 µm→28 nm)和马氏体相变导致其显微硬度提高(165 HV→460 HV)[13]。经搅拌摩擦处理的304/304L不锈钢,其晶粒尺寸与显微硬度符合Hall-Petch关系,显微硬度增加(最高295 HV)主要由晶粒细化而非相变引起[14]。普通304不锈钢(显微硬度为166 HV)经过8道次等通道角挤压制成纳米晶304不锈钢后,其显微硬度提高到419 HV,晶粒尺寸减小(45 µm→15~300 nm),马氏体体积分数增加22%[15]。压力加工工艺会导致304不锈钢产生形变马氏体,这不利于提高耐腐蚀性能。
对于材料的显微硬度与耐腐蚀性能,人们主要从实验结果的角度理解两者之间的关系。为了同时提高304不锈钢的显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能,从理论角度,需要理解显微硬度与耐腐蚀性能的本征关系;从制备工艺角度,需要304不锈钢晶粒细化的同时,无马氏体存在。为了增加304不锈钢的服役寿命,需要304不锈钢整体(非表面)的晶粒细化和无马氏体。基于此,本工作研究了深度轧制技术制备的无马氏体纳米晶304不锈钢板材(NSSP-304)和普通304不锈钢(CPSS-304)的微观组织、三个不同面的显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能(HCl和FeCl3两种溶液),从材料价电子结构角度理解显微硬度与耐腐蚀性能之间的本征关系。
1 实验方法
1.1 材料和显微硬度表征
以CPSS-304 (热轧态圆棒材,直径35 mm)为原料,利用深度轧制技术制备NSSP-304的轧制工艺主要包括均匀化热处理(1000 ℃,5 h)、热轧(980~600 ℃)和空冷等。经过上述工艺制备的NSSP-304板材尺寸为2500 mm × 120 mm × 2.8 mm,具体步骤参见本文作者前期工作[16]。NSSP-304与CPSS-304的化学成分(原子分数,%)为:C 0.0020,Si 0.85,Mn 1.85,P 0.045,S 0.028,Ni 9.03,Cr 18.24,Fe余量。NSSP-304和CPSS-304的晶粒尺寸分别为86~175 nm和80~130 µm[16]。用于显微硬度测量的NSSP-304和CPSS-304试样的尺寸为15 mm ×11 mm × 2.0 mm。NSSP-304试样的15 mm × 11 mm面为其轧制面,CPSS-304试样的15 mm × 11 mm面平行于圆棒材轴向。测量显微硬度时,试样先依次用240、400、800、1200、2000号SiC砂纸研磨抛光,再采用颗粒度为1.5 µm的金刚石磨膏抛光。抛光后样品用蒸馏水清洗,丙酮脱脂,再用吹风机吹干。利用KB30SRFA自动显微Vickers硬度计测量样品显微硬度,载荷5 kg,停留时间15 s。本工作测量NSSP-304和CPSS-304相互垂直的三个面不同方向的显微硬度。三个面分别为RD-TD、RD-ND和ND-TD面(RD:轧制方向,TD:横向,ND:法向)。在RD-TD面沿着10条线,在TD-ND和RD-ND面沿着两条线,测量各面的显微硬度,如图1所示。
图1
图1
纳米晶304不锈钢板材(NSSP-304)和普通304不锈钢(CPSS-304)三个相互垂直面的显微硬度测量位置分布图
Fig.1
Location distributions of microhardness measurement on the three planes (perpendicular to each other) of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 (CPSS-304—conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steel, NSSP-304—nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel plate, RD—rolling direction, ND—normal direction, TD—transverse direction)
(a) along the ten lines on RD-TD plane
(b, c) along the two lines on RD-ND plane (b) and TD-ND plane (c)
利用式(
式中,xi 为某一表面某个位置的显微硬度测量值,N为某一条线或一个表面的显微硬度测量个数。
1.2 微观组织表征
利用Gemini SEM 460扫描电镜(SEM)上配备的Symmetry S2电子背散射衍射(EBSD)系统分析NSSP-304和CPSS-304试样(尺寸为10 mm × 10 mm × 1.5 mm)的织构(晶粒取向图、取向角分布、极图和反极图)。EBSD样品用SiC砂纸机械抛光至2000号后,用抛光机抛光。随后,用CH3OH + HClO4溶液(体积比40∶10,电压18 V)电解抛光20 s。利用Channel 5软件分析EBSD测量结果。制备透射电镜(TEM)试样时,从NSSP-304与CPSS-304样品切割厚度为500 μm的薄片,经过2000号砂纸打磨至厚度50 μm。然后,进行冲孔和双喷实验(温度-25~-20 ℃,电压30 V,时间90~180 s)。电解液为10% (体积分数)高氯酸酒精溶液。采用JEM-2100F TEM观察试样显微组织,工作电压为200 kV。利用SmartLab多功能X射线衍射仪(XRD,CuKα )分析NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的物相组成,扫描速率2°/min,扫描范围40°~100°,XRD试样采用标准金相技术研磨和抛光。利用Axio Observer Z1光学显微镜(OM)观察CPSS-304样品的微观组织。
1.3 恒电位极化和浸泡实验
采用WPG100恒电位仪/恒电流仪进行室温恒电位极化实验(NSSP-304和CPSS-304试样尺寸为12 mm × 10 mm × 2.0 mm),腐蚀介质为0.5 mol/L HCl溶液,极化电位为250 mV (相对于腐蚀开路电位)。恒电位极化实验前,将导线与样品焊接,用环氧树脂密封,留出1 cm2工作面积制成工作电极。依次用120、360、600、1000和2000号SiC金相砂纸打磨、抛光试样后,在蒸馏水中超声清洗,丙酮除油,乙醇脱水,冷风吹干。采用三电极体系,试样为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,Pt电极为辅助电极。选用HCl溶液作为腐蚀介质,主要是考虑HCl溶液中H+和Cl-能够在较短实验时间内区分材料的均匀腐蚀与点腐蚀性能差别。另外,实际工况中会出现H+与Cl-共存的情况。
浸泡实验样品同样依次用120、360、600、1000和2000号SiC金相砂纸打磨,在蒸馏水中超声清洗,丙酮除油,乙醇脱水,冷风吹干。浸泡实验的腐蚀介质为6%FeCl3 (质量分数)溶液。将装有样品的烧杯 (250 mL FeCl3溶液)放入35 ℃恒温水浴锅,并开始计时。取样时间设置为3、6、9、12、15和18 h。取出试样后冷风吹干,用精度为0.l mg的电子天平称量浸泡实验前后的样品质量,通过失重公式绘制样品的腐蚀失重曲线。
式中,V、m1、m2和S分别为样品的腐蚀速率、初始质量、腐蚀后质量及裸露在FeCl3溶液中的表面积。HCl和FeCl3溶液均用分析纯试剂和一次蒸馏水配制。恒电位极化和浸泡实验结束后,用Quanta 250 SEM观察腐蚀样品的表面形貌。
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的点腐蚀性能与Cl-表面吸附能力(氧化膜中的原子分数)和Cl-的化学活性(Cl-2p3/2的结合能)有关。利用ESCALAB 250型X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS,单色AlKα,1486.6 eV)表征恒电位极化和浸泡实验后腐蚀样品表面Cl-的原子分数和Cl-2p3/2的结合能。用XPS PEAK 4.1软件分析Cl-2p的高分辨XPS和Cl-的原子分数。
本工作中用于硬度测量、微观结构表征和腐蚀实验的样品,均通过线切割从NSSP-304板材和CPSS-304圆棒材中取样,再进行相应的样品加工,以满足不同实验测量/表征需要。
2 实验结果
2.1 显微硬度
2.1.1 RD-TD面
在NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的RD-TD面,沿着10条线(方向)测量的显微硬度分布如图2a~c所示。其中,横轴1~8指沿箭头方向每条测量线上8个不同测量位置。NSSP-N和CPSS-N (N = 1~10)分别表示NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品RD-TD面上的10条线。NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的显微硬度分布范围分别为335~343和162~168 HV。通过式(
图2
图2
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品轧向-横向(RD-TD)面上的显微硬度
Fig.2
Microhardness curves on the RD-TD planes of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples
(a-c) microhardnesses on the lines 1-3 (a), lines 4-6 (b), and lines 7-10 (c)
(d) average microhardnesses on the ten lines
(e) relative standard deviations of microhardness
2.1.2 RD-ND和TD-ND面
在NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的RD-ND面,沿着两个方向(或沿两条线)的显微硬度分布及其RDV如图3a和b所示。图3a和b的横轴数字1~12表示图1b两条线上沿着箭头方向进行显微硬度测量的各测量点位置。可以看出,NSSP-304样品RD-ND面线1和线2的显微硬度变化范围分别为287~300 HV (NSSP-1)和285~304 HV (NSSP-2);CPSS-304样品的显微硬度变化范围分别为160~175 HV (CPSS-1)和163~172 HV (CPSS-2)。NSSP-304样品线1上的显微硬度范围与NSSP-304样品线2上的显微硬度范围基本相同,CPSS-304样品线1与线2的显微硬度范围也基本相同。NSSP-304样品线1和线2上所有显微硬度的RSD值(2.04%)小于CPSS-304样品线1和线2上所有显微硬度的RSD值(2.98%)。NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品线1和线2上第4点和第10点的显微硬度略大于相邻点(第4点的相邻点第1~3点和第5、6点;第10点的相邻点为第7~9点和第11、12点)。在RD-ND面,NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的μ分别为292和166 HV,两者的σ值分别为6和5 HV。可见,与CPSS-304样品相比,NSSP-304样品在RD-ND面的μ提高76%。根据图3a和b,NSSP-304样品RD-ND面的σ值略大,RSD值减小,因此,在RD-ND面,NSSP-304样品的显微硬度高于CPSS-304样品。NSSP-304样品在两个方向上显微硬度变化范围减小,显微硬度分布的波动范围变窄。可见,NSSP-304样品在RD-ND面的显微硬度分布的均匀性提高。
图3
图3
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品RD-ND面和TD-ND面两条线上的显微硬度
Fig.3
Microhardnesses on the two lines on the RD-ND (a, b) and TD-ND (c, d) planes of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples (12 measurement positions on each line)
(a, c) microhardness distributions
(b, d) relative deviation values of microhardness
在NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品TD-ND面,沿着两个方向(线1和线2)不同位置测量的显微硬度及其RDV结果,如图3c和d所示。图3c和d的横轴数值1~12为沿着图1c线1和线2两条线的箭头方向上,显微硬度测量的不同位置。可见,NSSP-304样品两条线上的显微硬度(NSSP-1:289~302 HV,NSSP-2:292~300 HV)明显大于CPSS-304样品(CPSS-1:163~172 HV,CPSS-2:162~168 HV)。图3c中,NSSP-304样品TD-ND面线1上的显微硬度范围基本与其线2上的显微硬度范围相同,CPSS-304样品TD-ND面线1上的显微硬度范围也基本与其线2上的显微硬度范围相同。NSSP-304样品TD-ND面线1和线2上所有显微硬度的RSD值(1.45%)均小于CPSS-304样品TD-ND面线1和线2上所有显微硬度的RSD值(1.92%)。NSSP-304样品线2上的显微硬度分布比线1上的显微硬度分布更均匀,CPSS-304样品线2上的显微硬度分布同样比线1上的显微硬度分布更均匀。在TD-ND面,NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品显微硬度的μ分别为296和167 HV,
2.2 耐腐蚀性能
图4为NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品在0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中的室温恒电位极化曲线,在6%FeCl3溶液(35 ℃)中的浸泡实验失重结果,以及两种实验后样品的腐蚀表面形貌。如图4a所示,恒电位极化到9 s时,CPSS-304样品的腐蚀电流密度从2.59 × 10-3 A/cm2急剧下降到9.54 × 10-4 A/cm2,而NSSP-304样品的腐蚀电流密度仅从2.84 × 10-4 A/cm2下降到4.53 × 10-5 A/cm2,前者的变化幅度是后者的6.85倍。因此,NSSP-304样品的腐蚀电流密度降低幅度明显小于CPSS-304样品,这说明NSSP-304样品的耐腐蚀性能主要来源于其自身而非氧化膜,因为较小的腐蚀电流密度会导致其形成的氧化膜较薄且疏松多孔。由图4a可知,NSSP-304样品的平均腐蚀电流密度(4.82 × 10-5A/cm2)仅为CPSS-304样品(5.01 × 10-4 A/cm2)的1/10左右,说明NSSP-304样品的耐均匀腐蚀性能优于CPSS-304样品。从图4a插图可以看出,极化过程中,NSSP-304样品的腐蚀电流密度(2.90 × 10-5~6.50 × 10-5 A/cm2)随极化时间的变化幅度明显小于CPSS-304样品(4.53 × 10-4~5.89 × 10-4 A/cm2)。如图4b和c所示,室温恒电位极化后,NSSP-304样品的点腐蚀孔洞尺寸小于CPSS-304样品,NSSP-304样品的点腐蚀孔洞密度明显小于CPSS-304样品。图4b和c说明,NSSP-304样品在0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中的点腐蚀阻力提高。
图4
图4
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品在0.5 mol/L HCl (室温)和6%FeCl3溶液(35 ℃)中的均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀性能
Fig.4
Uniform and pitting corrosion properties of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples in 0.5 mol/L HCl (at room temperature) (a-c) and 6%FeCl3 solutions (at 35 oC) (d-f) (i and t denote current density and time, respectively; k1-k5 are the slopes of curves in Fig.4d within different time ranges)
(a) potentiostatic polarization curves in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution and partially enlarged view (inset)
(b, c) surface SEM images of corroded NSSP-304 (b) and CPSS-304 (c) samples after the potentiostatic polarization
(d) mass loss curves of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples during immersion test in 6%FeCl3 solution
(e, f) surface SEM images of corroded NSSP-304 (e) and CPSS-304 (f) samples after the immersion test
从图4d NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品在6%FeCl3溶液中浸泡的失重结果来看,CPSS-304样品单位面积失重随浸泡时间延长,斜率(即腐蚀速率,k1~k5)发生变化。这意味着其腐蚀速率随浸泡时间从k1 (3.42 mg/(h·cm2),0~3 h)、k2 (6.91 mg/(h·cm2),3~12 h)变化到k3 (11.50 mg/(h·cm2),12~18 h)。随着浸泡时间延长,NSSP-304样品单位面积失重增加。0~3 h内,腐蚀速率k4为1.81 mg/(h·cm2);3~18 h内,腐蚀速率k5为4.13 mg/(h·cm2)。由于k4和k5小于k1、k2和k3,而且从k4
图5
图5
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品在0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中的室温恒电位极化和6%FeCl3溶液(35 ℃)中浸泡后腐蚀表面的高分辨Cl-2p XPS
Fig.5
High-resolution Cl-2p XPS on corroded NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples after the potentiostatic polarization in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution at room temperature (a) and immersion in 6%FeCl3 solution (35 oC) (b)
3 分析与讨论
3.1 显微硬度分析
为了进一步理解NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的显微硬度分布,图6给出两种材料RD-TD面10条线和另外两个面两条线上相同测量编号的显微硬度平均值(例如,图1a中10条线上编号为1的显微硬度平均值;图1b和c中两条线上相同编号的显微硬度平均值)。从图2、3和6可以看出,NSSP-304样品RD-TD面不同方向的显微硬度平均值基本相同,没有明显波动,CPSS-304样品也是如此。NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品其他两个面硬度的RDV和RSD值分别大于各自RD-TD面的RDV和RSD值。因此,NSSP-304样品除了轧制面显微硬度分布均匀性提高外,其他两个面的显微硬度分布均匀性没有恶化。NSSP-304样品三个面的显微硬度平均值均大于CPSS-304样品。CPSS-304样品三个面的显微硬度平均值基本相同(分别为165、166和167 HV),NSSP-304样品ND-RD和TD-ND面的显微硬度平均值接近相同(292和296 HV)。NSSP-304样品RD-TD面的平均显微硬度比其他两个面高约40 HV。由于NSSP-304样品两个面显微硬度的RSD和RDV变小,且范围变窄,其三个面的显微硬度分布比CPSS-304更均匀[17]。图7为NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品三个面显微硬度测量时的压痕形貌。NSSP-304样品三个压痕对角线长度分别为180和178 µm (图7a,TD-ND面),177和178 µm (图7b,RD-ND面),及163和161 µm (图7c,RD-TD面)。CPSS-304样品三个压痕对角线长度分别为216和218 µm (图7d,TD-ND面),219和217 µm (图7e,RD-ND面),及214和216 µm (图7f, RD-TD面)。RD-TD面压痕直径低于其他两个面14~19 µm之间,其他两个面的压痕直径差在1~3 µm。CPSS-304样品三个面压痕直径差在1~3 µm之间,NSSP-304样品三个面压痕的对角线长度小于CPSS-304样品34~58 µm。NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品压痕对角线长度与显微硬度测量结果一致。
图6
图6
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品RD-TD、TD-ND和RD-ND面上的显微硬度平均值(不同线相同位置平均值)
Fig.6
Average microhardnesses (the same position N on different lines) of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples on the RD-TD plane, TD-ND plane, and RD-ND plane
图7
图7
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品在TD-ND面、RD-ND面和RD-TD面的压痕图
Fig.7
Indentation images of NSSP-304 (a-c) and CPSS-304 (d-f) samples on the three planes perpendicular to each other
(a, d) RD-TD plane (b, e) TD-ND plane (c, f) RD-ND plane
显微硬度分布的均匀性有利于材料的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。其他纳米/超微晶材料,经两种不同模角(120°和126°)等通道角挤压后,SS316L不锈钢显微硬度的σ值分别为16和19 HV,RSD值分别为3.64%和4.28%[18]。等通道角挤压后Ti-13Nb-13Zr合金的σ和RSD值分别为26.5 HV和9.74%[19]。旋压法制备的纳米多层0.08C-18Cr-0.5Ti钢/V-10Ti-5Cr合金/0.08C-18Cr-0.5Ti钢复合材料,两个钢层的显微硬度为5.7~6.3 GPa,中间层的显微硬度为4.4~5.2 GPa[20]。利用等通道角挤压技术制备的亚微米晶粒304不锈钢显微硬度的σ值约为20 HV[21]。本工作中,NSSP-304样品三个面显微硬度的σ和RSD值均小于这些等通道角挤压和旋压技术制备的合金。因此,与其他压力加工技术相比,深度轧制技术能够提高NSSP-304样品三个相互垂直面显微硬度分布的均匀性。这是深度轧制技术与其他块体纳米晶金属材料制备技术的不同之处。
3.2 显微组织与显微硬度的关系
Zhang等[22]研究表明,304不锈钢中马氏体相和奥氏体相的显微硬度分别约为571和190 HV。304不锈钢通常含有奥氏体相,在形变和其他工艺处理后含有奥氏体和马氏体相[23]。严重塑性形变技术制备的块体纳米/超微晶304不锈钢通常会产生马氏体。虽然马氏体有利于提高材料的强度和硬度,但不利于材料的耐腐蚀性能和塑性。多数块体纳米/超微晶304不锈钢需要相应的热处理以兼顾强度与塑性。深度轧制后的NSSP-304板材无后续热处理。本工作的所有实验样品都是从NSSP-304板材切割后,直接进行相关表征和测量。NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的XRD结果(图8)表明,NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品中只有奥氏体相,没有马氏体相。因此,NSSP-304样品显微硬度的提高与马氏体相无关。这是深度轧制技术与其他严重塑性形变技术制备纳米/超微晶304不锈钢的不同之处。NSSP-304样品的RD-TD面存在高密度位错墙和形变孪晶(图9a和b)。图9c和d分别为NSSP-304样品RD-ND面和TD-ND面的TEM像。在NSSP-304样品的RD-ND面和TD-ND面没有观察到孪晶,多数为细长晶粒,两个面的晶粒尺寸均大于RD-TD面的晶粒尺寸。图10为CPSS-304样品RD-TD面、RD-ND面和TD-ND面显微组织的OM像。可见,CPSS-304样品的平均晶粒尺寸相同,晶粒形貌相同。三个面(图10)没有孪晶和高密度位错。这是因为CPSS-304圆棒材通过850 ℃热轧后空冷获得。图8~10中,NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品只含有奥氏体组织,没有观察和测量到马氏体组织和析出相。因此,通过XRD (图8)、TEM (图9)和OM (图10)表征,NSSP-304样品三个面微观组织存在差别,但是CPSS-304样品三个面微观组织无差别。NSSP-304样品三个面的微观结构不同于CPSS-304样品相应三个面的微观结构。
图8
图8
NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的XRD谱
Fig.8
XRD patterns of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 samples
图9
图9
NSSP-304样品RD-TD、RD-ND和TD-ND面的TEM像
Fig.9
TEM images of NSSP-304 sample on different planes
(a, b) dislocation accumulation (a) and deformation twins (b) on the RD-TD plane
(c, d) TEM images on RD-ND (c) and TD-ND (d) planes
图10
图10
CPSS-304样品三个相互垂直面微观组织的OM像
Fig.10
OM images of CPSS-304 sample on the three planes perpendicular to each other
(a) RD-TD plane (b) TD-ND plane (c) RD-ND plane
NSSP-304样品三个面中,两个面的显微硬度基本相同,轧制面(RD-TD面)略高于其他两个面;而CPSS-304样品三个面的显微硬度基本相同。这与NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的织构不同有关[24]。图11和12分别给出了NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品晶粒取向、取向角分布及{100}、{110}和{111}极图和反极图。极图和反极图的不同颜色表示织构变化。由图11和12可知,NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的最大极密度分别为7.54和4.19,织构指数(TI)分别为3.8和1.2。TI越大,织构强度越高,TI = 1说明晶粒随机取向,无织构[25,26]。图11和12表明,(1) NSSP-304样品小角度晶界(LAGBs,5°~15°)的晶粒含量高(48.3%),大角度晶界(HAGBs,> 15°)的晶粒含量低(51.7%);(2) CPSS-304样品LAGBs晶粒含量低(10.3%),HAGBs晶粒含量高(89.7%);(3) CPSS-304样品的晶粒取向(TI ≈ 1)基本随机,这是热轧工艺造成的;(4) NSSP-304样品存在织构({110}<211>)。因此,NSSP-304样品RD-TD面平均显微硬度较大与NSSP-304织构有关。图11和12中NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的EBSD结果与图2、3和6中的显微硬度一致。研究[27~31]表明,NSSP-304样品晶粒细化和形变孪晶,以及较高的位错密度(位错墙)和LAGBs晶粒含量提高了材料的显微硬度。NSSP-304样品在TD-ND面和RD-ND面出现细长晶粒导致织构的形成,这是TD-ND面与RD-ND面的显微硬度基本相同,而RD-TD面的显微硬度高于其他两个面40 HV的原因。
图11
图11
NSSP-304样品的EBSD表征
Fig.11
EBSD characterization of NSSP-304 sample (The color bands in pole figures and inverse pole figures denote the variation of pole density, the same in Fig.12)
(a) crystal orientation map
(b) misorientation angle distribution
(c) {100}, {110}, and {111} pole figures
(d) {100}, {110}, and {111} inverse pole figures
图12
图12
CPSS-304样品的EBSD表征
Fig.12
EBSD characterization of CPSS-304 sample
(a) crystal orientation map
(b) misorientation angle distribution
(c) {100}, {110}, and {111} pole figures
(d) {100}, {110}, and {111} inverse pole figures
3.3 显微组织与显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能的关系
图4和5表明,NSSP-304样品在两种溶液中的耐均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀性能同时提高。如图4、5和图9、10所示,虽然NSSP-304样品含有高密度位错和织构,但其均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀阻力提高(与CPSS-304样品相比)。图4和5表明,晶粒细化的NSSP-304样品没有为Cl-提供快速扩散通道(两种溶液中,NSSP-304样品腐蚀表面Cl-含量低于CPSS-304样品),导致点腐蚀阻力降低。图1、2和图4表明,虽然NSSP-304样品三个面的显微硬度有差别,但是其腐蚀速率的波动范围低于CPSS-304样品。图2中,由于NSSP-304板材整体纳米化,RD-ND和TD-ND两个截面的显微硬度基本相同,且沿着厚度方向显微硬度的标准差小于6 HV, 仅为这两个面显微硬度平均值的2.0%左右。从图4a和d可以看出,两个截面显微硬度的均匀性有利于NSSP-304样品耐腐蚀性能的稳定性(腐蚀速率波动范围小于CPSS-304样品)和持久性,提高NSSP-304样品的服役寿命,而无需担心表面加工工艺获得的处理层损伤和脱落问题。这是利用深度轧制技术制备的NSSP-304与表面纳米化及其他严重塑性形变技术制备的304不锈钢的不同之处。
大量研究表明,晶粒细化、高位错密度和形变孪晶不利于[32~34]或者有利于[35~37]材料显微硬度、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的提高。因此,通过传统的微观结构参量(如晶粒尺寸、位错和孪晶等)理解力学(显微硬度)和耐腐蚀性能遇到困难,对于不同材料和实验条件会得出相互矛盾的结论。因此,304不锈钢传统的微观结构参量与硬度和耐腐蚀性能之间存在关联(能够影响显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能),但不是一一对应的本征关系。为了解决这个问题,需要采用新的材料微观结构参量代替传统的微观结构参量来理解和表征材料这两种性能[38]。从材料原子尺度的角度,显微硬度与材料中原子之间的相互作用有关,这种相互作用本质上是金属材料中原子价电子之间的相互作用。材料的腐蚀过程涉及材料中原子的价电子与腐蚀介质中腐蚀性离子或者原子的价电子交换过程(通过电化学反应,材料中的原子变为离子,腐蚀介质中离子或者原子变成新的原子或者离子)[16,38]。NSSP-304和CPSS-304紫外光电子能谱的结果[16]表明,与CPSS-304钢相比,NSSP-304功函数变大,金属原子(304不锈钢为Fe、Cr和Ni)的价电子结合能变大,高能级价电子的含量提高,低能级价电子的含量降低。因此,NSSP-304钢价电子结构意味着其原子间的相互作用更强,这表明NSSP-304钢具有更大的变形抗力和更高的显微硬度[39]。同样,NSSP-304钢的价电子结构表明其价电子与腐蚀介质中离子或者原子的价电子交换阻力提高,即更大的金属原子转变为金属离子的阻力(耐腐蚀性能提高[16,38,40,41])。此外,如图4和5所示,NSSP-304样品在两种溶液中耐点腐蚀性能的提高也与Cl-在其腐蚀表面的吸附能力变弱、化学活性较低有关[16,38]。材料在点腐蚀过程中,除了涉及氧化膜形成与破裂过程外,还涉及氧化膜破裂后的金属基体与腐蚀介质发生的电化学反应过程。因此,NSSP-304钢显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能的提高可以通过其价电子结构得到合理解释。从NSSP-304和CPSS-304钢微观组织以及两种材料的价电子结构[16]的角度,NSSP-304钢不同的微观组织(晶粒细化、形变孪晶、高密度位错和高LAGBs晶粒含量)导致其价电子结构不同于CPSS-304钢。本文作者前期研究了耐腐蚀性能(高温氧化、热腐蚀和电化学腐蚀)与材料(工业纯Fe、304不锈钢和纯Al)价电子结构之间的关系;并研究了304不锈钢价电子结构与其力学性能(拉伸和疲劳)之间的关系[16,44,40~43]。结合这些前期工作及本工作结果,金属材料的价电子结构(功函数、价电子的结合能和不同能级价电子的含量等)有可能作为材料力学和耐腐蚀性能的本征参量,材料力学性能和耐腐蚀性能与其价电子结构可能存在相应的一一对应关系,避免通过传统的微观结构参量理解力学性能和耐腐蚀性能得出相互矛盾的结论[44]。本文作者提出的材料价电子结构表征方法和相关观点已被用来理解其他金属材料的耐腐蚀性能(电化学腐蚀和高温氧化)及其机理[44~46]。
4 结论
(1) 从材料科学角度,NSSP-304样品三个相互垂直面显微硬度的σ值略大,RSD和RDV值变小,且范围变窄,三个面的显微硬度分布更均匀(与CPSS-304样品比较)。NSSP-304样品三个面的显微硬度均高于CPSS-304样品,这是由于NSSP-304样品的微观组织(晶粒细化引起的形变孪晶、无马氏体相、高的LAGBs晶粒含量(48.3%)和位错密度)导致。NSSP-304样品的显微硬度提高与马氏体相无关。NSSP-304样品存在织构({110}<211>),这是ND-TD面和RD-ND面的显微硬度基本相同,而RD-TD面的硬度高于其他两个面40 HV的原因。
(2) 与CPSS-304样品相比,NSSP-304样品在0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中室温恒电位极化和浸泡6%FeCl3溶液(35 ℃)中后,其耐均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀性能提高。在0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中,NSSP-304样品的腐蚀速率及其随腐蚀时间的变化范围小于CPSS-304样品。在6%FeCl3溶液中,NSSP-304和CPSS-304样品的腐蚀速率随着浸泡时间延长而增加,但其腐蚀速率及增加的幅度小于CPSS-304样品。因此,NSSP-304样品的微观组织没有恶化反而提高了其均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀阻力,且耐腐蚀性能的稳定性提高。
(3) 从材料价电子结构角度,NSSP-304样品的显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能同时提高,这与其价电子结构有关(与CPSS-304样品相比,NSSP-304样品功函数增加,价电子结合能变大,高能级价电子的权重提高和低能级价电子的权重减少)。金属材料价电子结构可能为其力学和耐腐蚀性能的本征参量。NSSP-304样品的价电子结构与其晶粒细化、高密度位错、形变孪晶、高的LAGBs晶粒含量及位错密度有关,与马氏体无关。
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