950 ℃下DZ411镍基高温合金NiCoCrAlY涂层热腐蚀行为
Hot Corrosion Behavior of DZ411 Nickel-Based Superalloy NiCoCrAlY Coating at 950 oC
通讯作者: 程从前,cqcheng@dlut.edu.cn,主要从事高温腐蚀与寿命评价、表面电化学腐蚀检测新技术研究
收稿日期: 2024-11-21 修回日期: 2025-01-06
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Corresponding authors: CHENG Congqian, professor, Tel:
Received: 2024-11-21 Revised: 2025-01-06
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作者简介 About authors
邓尕平,男,2000年生,硕士
为了揭示NiCoCrAlY涂层在900 ℃以上熔盐环境中的热腐蚀机制与失效行为,本工作在常规称重研究方法基础上,考虑熔盐挥发对涂盐样品质量的影响,研究了950 ℃下DZ411合金NiCoCrAlY涂层在Na2SO4盐膜及Na2SO4与NaCl组成的混合盐膜中的热腐蚀动力学行为、表/界面组织和成分特征。结果表明,经热盐挥发质量校准后,常规热腐蚀减重动力学曲线显示,试样热腐蚀后质量增加,且混合盐环境下的腐蚀增重速率大于纯硫盐环境;2种盐膜条件下的腐蚀产物层结构类似,外层为Al2O3氧化层,中间层为以Al2O3和Cr2O3为主的疏松氧化物,内层为互扩散区,且在基体界面前沿析出大量Al2S3和Cr2S3。此外,与纯硫盐环境相比,混合盐中的氯盐通过氯化反应促进了S、O元素的扩散,从而加速了涂层的劣化进程。
关键词:
NiCoCrAlY coatings offer good resistance to high-temperature oxidation and corrosion, making them an effective protective layer for gas turbine blades. However, in marine environments, these coatings are susceptible to hot corrosion damage, considerably affecting service lifespan and safety. With the development of modern gas turbines with high efficiency and power, the service temperatures of their blades have increased. An in-depth understanding of the hot corrosion mechanisms of NiCoCrAlY coatings above 900 oC is crucial for developing advanced gas turbine blade materials suitable for marine applications. This study investigates the hot corrosion kinetics using conventional gravimetric analysis while considering the quality effect of molten salt volatilization. XRD, SEM, and EDS were used to analyze the surface and interface microstructures, as well as the compositional characteristics of the NiCoCrAlY coating on the DZ411 alloy. These analyses were performed after exposure at 950 oC under a Na2SO4 salt film and a mixed salt film comprising Na2SO4 and NaCl. Results demonstrated that after modifying conventional hot corrosion mass-loss kinetics to consider molten salt volatilization, the hot corrosion mass change becomes a mass gain. The mass gain rate was higher in mixed salt environments than in pure sulfate environments. The hot corrosion mass gain of the alloy is attributed to cyclic oxidation-sulfidation reactions in the coating. Cross-sectional analysis of the corrosion product layer revealed a similar structure under both salt conditions: an outer layer of Al2O3, a middle layer of porous oxides dominated by Al2O3 and Cr2O3, and an inner interdiffusion zone. In addition, Al2S3 and Cr2S3 precipitates were present at the coating-substrate interface. Furthermore, the presence of chloride salt in the mixed salt environment facilitated chlorination reactions, promoting the diffusion of sulfur and oxygen, and accelerating the degradation of the coating compared with the pure sulfate condition.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
邓尕平, 赵杰, 高凯, 王威, 刘欢, 曹铁山, 程从前.
DENG Gaping, ZHAO Jie, GAO Kai, WANG Wei, LIU Huan, CAO Tieshan, CHENG Congqian.
目前,国内外学者已对高温合金及其NiCoCrAlY涂层的热腐蚀行为展开了大量研究,但关于第一类热腐蚀的研究主要集中于850~900 ℃下涂层的动力学行为及组织演变[10~12]。高温合金在第一类热腐蚀过程中,受Cl-与S2-的协同侵蚀,在硫化、氧化、碱性助熔等机制共同作用下,熔盐元素向基体快速扩散,同时形成疏松多孔的氧化物。这种结构特征导致氧化物易发生剥脱,从而导致合金整体失重[13~15]。Dong等[16]研究表明,熔盐元素内扩散至腐蚀层并在基体界面处形成以Ni3S2为主的夹杂物,裂纹在夹杂物附近萌生,从而引起层状腐蚀产物的剥落。刘明坤等[17]研究了镍基合金在850 ℃的热腐蚀行为,发现热腐蚀过程中表现为质量持续降低,且腐蚀失重速率随温度升高而加快。而MCrAlY涂层中含量较高的Al和Cr元素有助于涂层表面形成致密的保护性氧化膜,该氧化膜作为扩散阻挡层,能够减缓基体的进一步腐蚀[18~20]。合金在热暴露过程中,在MCrAlY涂层/基体界面处元素会发生互扩散,Al、Cr元素从基体向涂层表面扩散,难熔W、Ta等元素析出,从而形成互扩散区(inter diffusion zone,IDZ)。Zhan等[21]研究表明,尽管长时热腐蚀会消耗β-NiAl并最终导致MCrAlY涂层失效,互扩散区的存在可在短时间内提供Al元素从而修复消耗的Al2O3保护层,进而保护基体,但此时试样在动力学上表现出轻微的腐蚀失重。随着燃机性能的不断提高,叶片服役温度不断增加,深入理解涂层在900 ℃以上的热腐蚀机理具有重要意义。Sumner等[22]研究表明,涂层的热腐蚀敏感性具有显著的温度依赖性,当温度高于950 ℃时,材料的热腐蚀速率明显低于氧化速率。此外,混合盐在950 ℃时处于熔融态,热盐挥发对热腐蚀动力学行为的影响不可忽略,但相关研究鲜有报道。
本工作以DZ411镍基高温合金NiCoCrAlY涂层为研究对象,在950 ℃条件下进行Na2SO4盐膜和75%Na2SO4 + 25%NaCl (质量分数,下同)盐膜热腐蚀实验,并排除了热盐自身挥发和坩埚材质的影响,对热腐蚀动力学曲线进行校准,最后表征了热腐蚀后试样表面和截面的形貌,探究了不同腐蚀介质下涂层的热腐蚀失效形式。
1 实验方法
本工作以DZ411镍基高温合金为基体材料,其合金成分(质量分数,%,下同)为:Cr 13.44,Co 9.67,Al 3.26,Ti 4.85,W 4.17,Mo 1.63,Ta 3.24,Ni 余量。采用DH-4型多弧离子镀设备在合金表面制备厚度约40 μm的NiCoCrAlY涂层,涂层制备过程中离子镀背底真空度< 5 × 10-3 Pa,工作气压保持在0.1~0.5 Pa。采用XRF-1800型X射线荧光分析仪对NiCoCrAlY涂层成分进行分析,该涂层成分为:Cr 39.38,Co 20.90,Al 3.48,Y 0.32,Ni余量。
热腐蚀试样尺寸为8 mm × 8 mm × 1.76 mm。由于在涂盐热暴露前后陶瓷片质量基本未发生变化,因此采用相同尺寸的Al2O3陶瓷作为热盐挥发测试的校准样品。采用表面沉积一层盐膜的合金试样片和陶瓷片作为热腐蚀试样,同时将未沉积盐膜的试样片(简称无盐试样)作为对照组。每个实验条件下均采用两组平行试样以确保实验结果的可靠性。纯硫盐膜和混合盐膜沉积实验步骤如下:试样经乙醇超声清洗并干燥后,置于130 ℃加热台上,分别采用雾化喷枪将100%Na2SO4盐溶液、75%Na2SO4 + 25%NaCl混合盐溶液分多次均匀沉积在试样片的上、下表面[23],沉积盐膜后的合金试样片和陶瓷片置于恒温干燥箱中干燥,最终试样表面的盐膜沉积量为(3.0 ± 0.2) mg/cm2,实验得到的试样分别简称为纯硫盐试样和混合盐试样。
将试样置于刚玉坩埚中,在高温炉中进行950 ℃热腐蚀实验,热腐蚀时长为200 h。为保证试样两面均不接触坩埚,将试样片斜立放置于坩埚中,与坩埚底部为线接触,与坩埚侧壁为两点接触。腐蚀称重时,将样品冷却至室温后,采用精密天平分别称取每个试样片连同坩埚的总质量,取两组平行试样的平均总质量绘制质量变化曲线。
对热腐蚀后的样品横截面进行镶样和打磨抛光处理,用于组织形貌观察。采用Smart Lab 9kW型X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析表面腐蚀产物的物相组成。采用配有能谱仪(EDS)的JSM-IT800型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的背散射电子(BSE)模式表征热腐蚀试样的形貌、产物和元素分布。利用HSC Chemistry 6.0软件计算合金元素可能形成的氧化物的标准生成自由能。
2 实验结果
2.1 腐蚀动力学曲线
图1为无盐及涂盐DZ411合金NiCoCrAlY涂层试样片和涂盐校准陶瓷片热腐蚀后的质量变化曲线。如图1a所示,合金试样片在无盐条件下持续增重,200 h后试样整体质量增加了0.938 mg/cm2。常规称重下,热腐蚀后的纯硫盐和混合盐试样均表现出轻微的腐蚀失重,其中混合盐试样的失重量高于纯硫盐试样。杨百顺等[24]研究表明,当合金在沸水处理以去除表面残留盐和反应产物之前,热盐挥发对热腐蚀过程中合金质量损失的测定有显著影响。涂盐陶瓷片的质量变化曲线(图1b)表明,热腐蚀后纯硫盐和混合盐陶瓷片同样呈现失重现象,且其失重程度远高于合金试样片。根据盐膜热力学数据[25]可知,950 ℃下盐膜挥发不可避免,但其挥发减重对腐蚀动力学的影响尚未见报道。
图1
图1
热腐蚀后无盐及涂盐合金试样片以及涂盐陶瓷片试样的质量变化曲线
Fig.1
Mass change curves of no-salted and salted alloy specimen sheets (a) and salted ceramic sheets (b) after hot corrosion (W—mass gain per uint area)
图2
图2
热盐挥发校准后DZ411合金NiCoCrAlY涂层的热腐蚀动力学曲线
Fig.2
Thermal corrosion kinetics curves of DZ411 alloy NiCoCrAlY coating after calibration for molten salt volatilization (t—corrosion time; Kp—corrosion rate constant)
(a) W-t curve (b)
利用
式中,t为腐蚀时间,C为常数。图2b是根据
2.2 热腐蚀产物相组成
图3
图3
热腐蚀200 h后试样表面的XRD谱
Fig.3
XRD patterns of surfaces of specimens after hot corrosion for 200 h
2.3 截面微观组织
不同盐膜条件下,热腐蚀200 h后试样截面形貌及表面宏观形貌如图4所示。可以看出,试样表面均无明显剥落特征,试样截面由表及里依次分为氧化层(oxide layer)、涂层(coating)、互扩散区(IDZ)和基体(substrate) 4个区域。无盐试样热腐蚀200 h后,其表面形成连续的保护性Al2O3氧化膜,涂层内部未观察到内氧化现象;涂层与基体界面处因Ni、Al、Cr等元素扩散形成了IDZ。纯硫盐试样热腐蚀200 h后,其涂层内部发生严重的内腐蚀,最外侧氧化层相较无盐试样明显增厚且IDZ厚度增加。混合盐膜条件下,试样外氧化层进一步变厚,涂层内腐蚀更加严重,针状腐蚀产物增加,最外氧化层的下方出现腐蚀性孔洞。
图4
图4
不同盐膜条件下热腐蚀200 h后试样截面形貌和表面形貌的SEM像
Fig.4
SEM images of cross-sectional (a-c) and surface (d-f) morphologies of specimens after 200 h hot corrosion under different salt film conditions (IDZ—inter diffusion zone) (a, d) without salt (b, e) Na2SO4 salt film (c, f) Na2SO4 + NaCl salt film
图5
图5
纯硫盐试样横截面形貌的高倍SEM像
Fig.5
High-magnified SEM images of cross-sectional morphologies of specimen under Na2SO4 salt film condition
(a) region I in Fig.4b (b) region II in Fig.4b
表1 图5中各点的EDS结果 (mass fraction / %)
Table 1
| Point | O | Al | Cr | Co | Ni | Ti | N | S | W | Si |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16.29 | 37.58 | 24.27 | - | - | 1.89 | 17.40 | 2.57 | - | - |
| 2 | 2.28 | 50.09 | 11.93 | - | - | - | 32.37 | 3.33 | - | - |
| 3 | - | - | 9.26 | - | 2.49 | 64.28 | 16.25 | – | 3.98 | 3.74 |
混合盐膜条件下,热腐蚀后试样横截面形貌的高倍SEM像如图6所示。如图6a所示,外侧氧化层主要由Al2O3组成;涂层区域已完全被腐蚀,涂层中分布大量热腐蚀后产生的孔洞。在热腐蚀引起的孔洞周围同时存在富S和富Cr的氧化物,表明热腐蚀过程中氯化与硫化反应同时进行。如图6b和表2所示,硫化物与氧化物在涂层与IDZ界面处交错分布,涂层下方析出不规则形状TiN (位置3)和针状TiN (位置5)。如图6c和表2所示,扩散区下方位置7处存在大量S元素,表明S元素可穿过互扩散区并扩散至基体;位置6处存在显著的S、Cr、Ti元素富集现象,基体内部的条状析出物中Ti与S呈现共偏聚趋势,并以TiS的形式向基体扩散。
图6
图6
混合盐试样横截面形貌的高倍SEM像
Fig.6
High-magnified SEM images of cross-sectional morphologies of specimen under Na2SO4 + NaCl salt film condition
(a) region I in Fig.4c (b) region II in Fig.4c (c) region III in Fig.4c
表2 图6中各点的EDS结果 (mass fraction / %)
Table 2
| Point | O | Al | Cr | Co | Ti | N | S | Ta | Ni |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23.76 | - | 5.76 | - | 19.39 | - | - | 51.09 | - |
| 2 | 26.27 | 28.35 | 27.29 | - | - | - | 18.39 | - | - |
| 3 | - | - | 4.77 | - | 72.72 | 19.02 | 3.49 | - | - |
| 4 | - | - | 20.09 | - | 43.01 | 20.96 | 12.69 | 3.25 | - |
| 5 | - | 0.68 | 6.71 | 0.47 | 62.25 | 23.27 | - | - | 6.62 |
| 6 | - | - | 41.95 | - | 19.89 | 11.41 | 26.75 | - | - |
| 7 | - | - | - | - | 68.18 | - | 22.66 | 9.16 | - |
图7
图7
热腐蚀200 h后纯硫盐和混合盐试样截面的EDS线扫描结果
Fig.7
EDS line scanning results of cross-section of specimens after 200 h hot corrosion under different salt film conditions (Insets are cross-sectional BSE images)
(a) Na2SO4 salt film (b) Na2SO4 + NaCl salt film
3 分析与讨论
3.1 热腐蚀增重机制
上述结果表明,在950 ℃热盐腐蚀条件下,盐膜挥发引起的质量变化导致简单的失重测量方法无法准确反映高温合金涂层的腐蚀程度,其校准后的实际腐蚀特征本质上为增重。高温合金涂层增重特性与氧化产物的形成、附着和挥发性产物的竞争有关[26]:(1) 腐蚀盐对氧化膜的溶解作用导致金属析出物逸出和少许氧化膜剥离,进而引起试样质量损失;(2) 氧化、硫化和氮化反应导致试样质量增加。在热腐蚀初期,涂层表面混合熔盐的附着和无连续性氧化物的形成导致试样发生明显增重。随着热暴露时间的增加,热盐溶解氧化膜并侵入涂层,涂层不断经历着氧化物形成、溶解和再生成的循环过程,外部腐蚀元素通过表面氧化层中的微裂纹快速扩散至涂层,导致涂层发生严重的内部腐蚀。图5和6组织形貌分析表明,热腐蚀产物能够附着在NiCoCrAlY涂层表面,未观察到明显的氧化物剥落现象,合金质量整体上呈现增加趋势。结合图2a的动力学曲线可知,该腐蚀增重过程主要受元素扩散机制控制。
图8
图8
各腐蚀层厚度和硫化物扩散深度统计
Fig.8
Statistics of corrosion layer thicknesses and sulfide diffusion depth
3.2 涂层在950 ℃热腐蚀环境中的劣化机理
图9
图9
DZ411合金NiCoCrAlY涂层中可能形成腐蚀产物的Gibbs自由能
Fig.9
Gibbs free energies (ΔG) of possible corrosion products forming in DZ411 alloy and NiCoCrAlY coating
(a) oxides (b) sulfides (c) chlorides/nitrides
图10
图10
DZ411合金在950 ℃下的熔盐腐蚀机理图
Fig.10
Schematics of molten salt corrosion mechanism of DZ411 alloy at 950 °C under different salt film conditions
(a) Na2SO4 salt film (b) Na2SO4 + NaCl salt film
另一部分Na2SO4会分解为碱性Na2O和酸性SO3,高温下SO3进一步分解为S2和O,导致熔盐体系中O2-活度增加,熔盐碱度增强,当熔盐的碱度增加到临界值时,氧化膜可发生碱性溶解[29],反应式如下:
Al2O3和Cr2O3发生碱性溶解后产生的
氯化物被氧化后生成的Cl2通过疏松氧化膜向内扩散,不断进行氯化/氧化循环过程,含氯盐的热腐蚀机理如图10b所示。随着涂层腐蚀产物层厚度不断增加,氧分压逐渐降低,S元素具有更快的扩散速率[33],在互扩散区形成Cr2S3和TiS的硫化物。同时大气中的N2逐渐透过氧化膜在界面处偏析,由图9b和c可知,TiN的Gibbs自由能与TiS相近,随着O2的耗尽,TiN在涂层与基体界面处形成。结合前文EDS分析结果(图7)可知,在混合盐试样中S元素可穿过互扩散区扩散至基体,而纯硫盐试样中S元素未扩散至互扩散区。因此,由NaCl参与的热腐蚀过程中存在氯化-氧化和硫化-氧化之间的协同作用,NaCl的存在导致形成疏松多孔的腐蚀层,该腐蚀层作为O和S元素内扩散的通道,为涂层的内氧化和内硫化反应提供必要条件。
4 结论
(1) DZ411高温合金NiCoCrAlY涂层的950 ℃热腐蚀动力学曲线表明,经热盐挥发校准后,常规腐蚀失重特征转变为腐蚀增重现象,其腐蚀增重速率常数从纯硫盐膜条件下的0.5583 × 10-5 mg2/(cm4·s)增加至混合盐膜条件下的0.7416 × 10-5 mg2/(cm4·s)。
(2) 在纯硫和混合盐膜条件下热腐蚀后,试样腐蚀产物的组成类似,外层腐蚀产物主要为Al2O3,内腐蚀区为富Al和Cr的氧化物及富Cr硫化物,涂层/基体界面处由于Al、Cr、Ti和N等元素扩散形成了互扩散区。与纯硫盐相比,混合盐膜条件下试样腐蚀区存在孔洞,硫化物以TiS和Cr2S3形式扩散至基体;两种条件下腐蚀产物均未发生显著剥落。
(3) 热腐蚀环境中涂层的腐蚀增重与氧化-硫化循环反应有关,NaCl参与的氯化-氧化过程有助于S、O元素的扩散,加速涂层内氧化和内硫化反应。
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