Acta Metallurgica Sinica
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ISSN 0412-1961
CN 21-1139/TG
Started in 1956
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, Volume 7 Issue 1
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THE SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN IN LIQUID IRON, NICKEL, IRON-COPPER AND IRON-COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS
YANG WEI-SHEN(Institute of Metal Research; Academia Sinica)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 1-11.
Abstract
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The solubility of hydrogen in molten iron, nickel, iron-copper and iron-copper-nickel alloys has been studied. Methods for solubility determination and deoxidizing conditions of specimens have been examined and comparison of experimental results with thermodynamic calculations shows that insufficient deoxidation of melts may lead to inaccurate results.Experimental results obtained with helium argon and molybdum methods are compared, and the helium method appears to be the most reliable. In the present investigation, all determinations except the hydrogen solubility in nickel were made with the helium method.Addition of copper to molten iron increases the solubility of hydrogen up to 25% Cu, the solubility appears to decrease with further addition. The addition of nickel to liquid Fe-Cu alloys up to 7% Ni has no appteciable effect on the solubility of hydrogen.
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STATISTICAL THEORY OF MOLTEN SALT SOLUTIONS Ⅰ. ENERGY OF MIXING OF BINARY SYSTEMS
CHEN NIAN-YI; ZHENG GUI-CHENG;(Institute of Metallurgy; Academia Sinica)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 12-23.
Abstract
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From the radial distribution function theory of molten salts, a three-dimensional statistical model was suggested for binary salt solutions, containing monovalent ions only. By this model, formulas for the heat of mixing, the excess free energy of mixing, and the liquidus lines of certain binary phase diagrams were derived. Calculations for various binary alkali nitrate mixtures and binary alkali halide mixtures were made. The results were in good agreement with the experimental values.
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A STUDY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN HF-H_2O GAS AND SLAGS OF THE CaO-CaF_2 AND CaO-SiO_2-CaF_2 SYSTEM
HS(?) YUAN-SUN; CHOU YUAN-HSI; LIU FU-LIEN(Institute of Metallurgy; Academia Sinica)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 24-31.
Abstract
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An equilibrium study of the reactionCaF_2(in slag)+H_2O=CaO(in slag)+2HF.between HF-H_2O gas and slags of the CaO-CaF_2 and CaO-SiO_2-CaF_2 system has been carried out with a view to evaluating activities in the said slags. Values of the ratioα_(CaO)/α_(CaF_2) are calculated from experimental data, and activities of the individual components are obtained from the α_(CaO)/α_(CaF_2) values with the modified Gibbs-Duhem equations derived by the authors for binary and ternary systems.It has been shown that the simple ratio CaO/SiO_2 can be used as a suitable criterion for the basicity of CaO-SiO_2-CaF_2 slags. The beneficial effects of a fairly basic slag for suppressing silica reduction and fluorine volatilization in blast-furnace smelting of fluorine-bearing iron ore are discussed in the light of the present results.
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THE RATE OF REDUCTION OF TITANIFEROUS MAGNETITE
PENG HSUI-WU LUO FUNG-GE(Institute of Metallurgy; Academia Sinica)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 32-42.
Abstract
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460
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Solid state reduction of raw titaniferous magnetic ore, its sinter, and pellets with H_2 and CO have been studied at various temperatures. It has been found that pelletization remarkably increases the reducibility of the raw ore. Preliminary studies of the rate and mechanism of reduction of the raw ore indicate that the rate of reduction is controlled by surface reaction and the reaction is of the first order. At temperatures above 590℃, the apparent activation energy is 14,600 cal/mol for CO and 14,000 cal/mol for H_2; while it is 16,000 cal/mol for CO at temperatures below 590℃.
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AN INVESTIGATION ON THE DEFORMATION AND CRACK FORMATION OF METALS IN CROSS FORGING AND CROSS ROLLING
CHANG TSO-MEI; LEE TSUN-JEH(Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics; Academia Sinica)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 43-57.
Abstract
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657
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The key to successful cross rolling is to understand fully the distribution of deformation and the mechanism of crack formation at the centre of the rolled material as well as the optimum parameters for the technological process. With these points in mind, the authors carried out investigations by means of microscopic examinations and hardness tests on the distribution of deformation and the mechanism of crack formation at the centre of certain steel specimens at various temperatures, various rates of deformation, different ratios between the length of the plastic zone and the specimen diameters as well as at different lengths of material at both ends of the plastic zone.As the deformation of metals in cross rolling is in many ways similar to that in cross forging, the authors carried out experiments on the cross forging of aluminium and lead which had been marked with concentric circles at the ends in a 35-ton mechanical press at room temperatures, and then compared the results thus obtained with those in the cross rolling of carbon and alloy steels.The results of these experiments show that:(1) With only one strike of the press in cross forging, the deformation is greatest at the surface and diminishes towards the centre of the specimen. When reduction is small, only elastic deformation occurs at the centre.(2) With several strikes of the press on rotating specimens, the deformation at the surface and in the centre is greater than that in the intermediate zone. When reduction is very small, plastic deformation also does not penetrate into the centre.(3) Similar to cross forging, the deformation of metal in cross rolling is also greatest at the surface, less at the centre and least in the intermediate zone. This distribution of deformation remains practically unchanged in different metals and various rolling temperatures as well as under other testing conditions mentioned above. Under conditions of the present experiments, when reduction is small, the deformation at the centre may be only elastic. In this case, the distribution of deformation is similar to that with only one strike of the press in cross forging.In cross rolling, the greater the reduction, the higher the rolling temperature, the higher the rate of deformation, the greater the ratio between the length of the plastic zone and the specimen diameter, and the shorter the length of the material on either side of the plastic zone, the greater is the tendency for crack formation at the centre. Alloy steels seem less liable to crack formation than carbon steels.
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INFLUENCE OF ULTRASONICS ON THE SOLIDIFICATION OF METALS
CHAO HUI-TIAN; Y(?) HAO-YING(Institute of Metal Research; Academia Sinica)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 58-67.
Abstract
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523
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The effects of ultrasonics on the process of solidification have been investiga(?)d in six pure metals (Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb, Sb, and Bi), a Pb-Sn (50%) eutectic alloy nd an Sb-Bi (10%) alloy. It has been found that:(1) ultrasonics reduce the cooling rate and lengthen the time of solidifi(?)tion;(2) ultrasonics reduce degree of supercooling;(3) ultrasonics refine the cast structure and the optimum power imput varies with metal.It is suggested that the change of cooling curve is due to the facs that:(1) the ultrasonic energy is converted into heat;(2) the atoms are compelled to vibrate in a direction para(?)el to the front of crystallization during freezing.
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ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR DIFFUSION AND DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF OXYGEN AND NITROGEN IN MOLYBDENUM
MA YING-LIANG; SON JIU-YIH
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 68-76.
Abstract
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Additional evidence is presented to prove that the two internal friction peaks associated with the presence of either oxygen or nitrogen in molybdenum previously observed by internal friction measurements with a torsion pendulum (two internal friction peaks of oxygen occurred at temperatures around 115℃ and 200℃, whereas, two of nitrogen were observed at 160℃ and 300℃ respectively) are associated with the stress-induced micro-diffusion of oxygen and nitrogen in molybdenum.Systematic investigations have been carried out to study the nature of the internal friction peaks of oxygen. The results showed that the height of the internal friction peak at 115℃ is proportional to the oxygen content in solid solution, while the height of the other internal friction peak at 200℃ is a quadratic function of the oxygen content in solid solution. The activation energies for diffusion were found to be 25.2 kcal/mole and 30 kcal/mole for the two oxygen peaks, for the nitrogen peak at 160℃ the corresponding activation energy was found to be 28.5 kcal/mole.From the above results, it is believed that the 115℃ peak may arise from the diffusion of free non-interacting interstitial oxygen, whereas, the 200℃ peak may be correlated with the diffusion of oxygen atoms each of which interacts with another oxygen atom in its neighbourhood.Theoretical diffusion coefficient curves for these systems were also obtained from the relationship between activation energies and the calculated diffusion coefficient constant.
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ТЕПЛОПРОВОДНОСТЬ ШИХТЫ КОКСОВЫХ ПЕЧЕЙ И ПЕРИОД КОКСОВАНИЯ
Γуо Шу-цай (Далън(?)ск(?) (?)ол(?)техн(?)ческ(?) (?)нст(?)тут)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 77-84.
Abstract
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(515KB) (
483
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F_0=3.84 B_i~(-0.43) T_K~2. 1.57.
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF VACUUM MELTING
SHAO HSIANG-HUA(Iron and Steel Research Institute; The Ministry of Metallurgical Industry)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 85-103.
Abstract
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661
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A critical review of literature on the physico-chemical aspects of vacuum melting of metals and alloys, with particular reference to the thermodynamics and kinetics of degassing, distillation of impurity or alloying elements, deoxidation, and metal-crucible reactions. Fields of further research work are suggested.
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THE OCTAHEDRAL ETCH PITS IN NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS
HO KAY-YUAN; KUEY YUNG-LEE(Iron and Steel Research Institute; The Ministry of Metallurgical Industry)
Acta Metall Sin, 1964,
7
(1): 104-108.
Abstract
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(2239KB) (
453
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