Synergistic Strengthening of High-Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Application of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00488

Acta Metall Sin

2024, Vol. 60

Issue (6): 713-730 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00488

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Synergistic Strengthening of High-Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Application of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments

ZHANG Jingwen, YU Liming, LIU Chenxi, DING Ran, LIU Yongchang(

)

State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China

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ZHANG Jingwen, YU Liming, LIU Chenxi, DING Ran, LIU Yongchang. Synergistic Strengthening of High-Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Application of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments. Acta Metall Sin, 2024, 60(6): 713-730.

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Abstract

By virtue of their high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient, and excellent high-temperature creep strength, high-Cr (mass fraction: 9%-12%) martensitic heat-resistant steels are the putative main constituents of the key equipment in ultra-supercritical (USC) power plants. However, the harsh environment caused by enhancing the steam parameters has recently challenged the high-temperature properties and the continually deteriorating creep strength during service has seriously threatened the safety and reliability of these steels. Previously, the creep strength of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels was enhanced by optimizing the alloying compositions to promote the dispersed precipitation of strengthening phases, but the enhancement effect of reinforced single-precipitate strengthening is limited. In recent years, synergistic strengthening reinforcement of dislocation-precipitate-interface has emerged as a promising solution because the introduced dislocations promote various precipitations and the phase transformation can be controlled to tailor the lath structure, thus reinforcing the dislocation-precipitate-interface interactions and synergistically enhancing various strengthening effects. This paper overviews the synergistic strengthening of dislocation-precipitate-interface and microstructure control in high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels subjected to thermo-mechanical treatments. The review covers alloying optimization to improve the creep strength, the phase transformations during heating treatments, and the mechanism of microstructural degradation at high temperatures. It also compares the effects of single-precipitate and synergistic strengthening processes on creep strength and introduces microstructure control in welded joints by thermo-mechanical treatments in terms of creep failure behaviors. This research aims to guide the design and engineering applications of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels and other precipitate-strengthening heat-resistant steels for USC power plants.

Key words: high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel high-temperature creep strength synergistic strengthening thermo-mechanical treatment microstructure control

Received: 15 December 2023

ZTFLH:

TG142.1

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52034004);National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022YFB3705300)

Corresponding Authors: LIU Yongchang, professor, Tel: (022)85356410, E-mail: ycliu@tju.edu.cn

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	ZHANG Jingwen
	YU Liming
	LIU Chenxi
	DING Ran
	LIU Yongchang

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00488 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2024/V60/I6/713

Fig.1 Microstructure characteristics and synergistic strengthening of the high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels
(a) schematic diagram^[11] (PAGs—prior austenite grains)
(b) synergistic strengthening of lath interfaces, dislocations, and precipitates

Fig.2 Industrial normalizing and tempering treatments of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels (A_c1—starting temperature of austenite phase transformation, A_c3—ending temperature of austenite phase transformation) (a), and effects of cooling rate on lath structure^[44] (b, c)

Fig.3 Swallowing behaviors of Laves phases on M₂₃C₆ during aging (Insets show the corresponding selected area electron diffraction patterns)^[49] (a, b) and the coarsening and dissolution behaviors of Cu-rich phases during creep (CRPs—Cu-rich precipitates)^[52] (c, d) in high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels

Fig.4 Recovery behaviors of dislocations (a, b) and laths (c, d) during creep in high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels (a, c) transient stages (b, d) accelerated stages

Fig.5 Schematic showing the deformation and heating treatments of synergistic strengthening of dislocation-precipitate-interface (a), and effects of cold rolling on lath structure (b, c)

Fig.6 Interactions between Cu-rich particles and dislocations in the G115 steel for initial state (a) and 20% cold rolling (c); and dislocation cells for initial state (b) and coarse precipitates after creep rupture (d) in the G115 steel with 45% cold rolling^[75] (NT—normalizing and tempering, CR—cold rolling)

Fig.7 Schematics showing the deformation and heating treatments of synergistic strengthening of dislocation-tempered precipitate-interface
(a) cold rolling (b) hot rolling

Fig.8 Interactions between precipitates and dislocations of initial state and 20% cold-rolled G115 steel after tempering for different time (a-d) and creep strain versus time curves obtained at 650^oC under 160 MPa (e)^[11]
(a, b) MX particles (c, d) Cu-rich particles

Fig.9 MX particles of initial and TMT-9Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels^[85] (a, b), and lath structures of initial and TMT-403Nb martensitic heat-resistant steels^[88] (c, d) (TMT—thermal-mechanical treatment)

Fig.10 Fine-grain structure^[94] (a) and creep cracks^[53] (b, c) in fine-grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ), heterogeneous grains (marked by letters A-G) with different hardnesses and creep cracks^[111] (d-f) in inter-critical heat affected zone (ICHAZ) of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels (Inset in Fig.10c shows the corresponding EDS map of element Cr)

Fig.11 Element accumulation (a), uneven distribution of M₂₃C₆ (b), and creep cracks (c) in FGHAZ in high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels^[112]

Fig.12 Schematics showing the deformation and heating treatment for microstructure control of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel weld joints
(a) deformation and heating treatments before welding
(b) heating history during welding and post weld heating treatment

Fig.13 Distributions of elements (a, b, d, e) and precipitation of strengthening particles (c, f) in the Gleeble simulated FGHAZ of initial and deformation-heated G115 steel^[119]

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