Effects of Progressive Normal Force on Microscratch Responses of Metallic Materials

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00400

Acta Metall Sin

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (10): 1333-1342 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00400

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Effects of Progressive Normal Force on Microscratch Responses of Metallic Materials

LIU Ming(

), YAN Fuwen, GAO Chenghui

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China

Cite this article:

LIU Ming, YAN Fuwen, GAO Chenghui. Effects of Progressive Normal Force on Microscratch Responses of Metallic Materials. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(10): 1333-1342.

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Abstract

Metallic materials are widely used in automotive, medical equipment, architecture, aerospace, and other fields. However, friction and wear are inevitable with the use of metallic materials. Therefore, it is important to study the friction and wear mechanisms of these materials for prolonging their service life. In the present work, microscratch test was carried out on sixteen metallic materials with a Rockwell C 120° diamond indenter to investigate the effects of the progressive normal force on the scratch responses of the materials. By increasing the normal force linearly from 5 mN to 30 N, both the penetration and residual depths increase linearly. The elastic recovery rate firstly increases rapidly, and then remains nearly stable. When the penetration depth is smaller than the transition depth of the indenter, only the sphere is in contact with the material, resulting in a nonlinear increase in the residual scratch width; when the conical part of the indenter is in contact with the material, the residual scratch width increases linearly. The asymptotic elastic recovery rate and scratch hardness increase linearly with the yield strength. The scratch friction coefficients of pure Mo, pure W, and 40Cr always increase nonlinearly with normal force, and the scratch friction coefficients of other metals firstly increase nonlinearly and then remain nearly stable. The variation of the scratch friction coefficient can be explained by a geometrical contact model. Adhesion friction and ploughing friction play almost the same role in the friction mechanism of QT500, and ploughing friction plays the major role in the friction mechanism of other materials under large normal forces. The asymptotic scratch friction coefficient decreases linearly with the increase of the asymptotic scratch hardness and the ratio of asymptotic scratch hardness over the elastic modulus.

Key words: microscratch progressive normal force metallic material scratch friction coefficient geometrical contact model

Received: 09 October 2020

ZTFLH:

TB931

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705082、51875106);Scientific Research Project of Science and Education Park of Fuzhou University, Jinjiang City(2019-JJFDKY-11)

About author: LIU Ming, professor, Tel: 15606066237, E-mail: mingliu@fzu.edu.cn

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00400 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2021/V57/I10/1333

Fig.1 Schematics of geometrical contact model between indenter and material (F_n—normal force, F_t—lateral force, α—half-apex angle of the indenter, R—radius of spherical tip of the indenter, d_t—sphere-to-cone transition depth, d_p—penetration depth, S_h—horizontally projected contact area, S_v—vertically projected contact area)

Fig.2 Variations of penetration depth (a) and residual depth (d_r) (b) with normal force

Fig.3 Variation of elastic recovery rate (R_e) with normal force (R_ea—asymptotic elastic recovery rate)

Fig.4 OM images of residual scratch morphologies of Q235 (a), 45 steel (b), and Mo (c) (W_s—scratch width)

Fig.5 Variations of scratch width with normal force (a) and d_p / d_t (b)

Fig.6 Variations of scratch hardness (H_s) (a) and contact pressure (P_c) (b) with normal force (H_ave—asymptotic scratch hardness)

Fig.7 Relationships among R_ea, yield strength (σ_y), Knoop hardness (H_k), and H_ave

Table 1 Mechanical properties of sixteen metallic materials^[36-59]

Fig.8 Variations of lateral force (a) and scratch friction coefficient (μ) (b) with normal force (μ₀—asymptotic scratch friction coefficient)

Fig.9 Variations of ploughing friction coefficient (μ_p) and adhesion friction coefficient (μ_a) with normal force

Fig.10 Variations of μ₀ with H_ave (a) and H_ave / E (b)

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