Effects of Progressive Normal Force on Microscratch Responses of Metallic Materials
LIU Ming(), YAN Fuwen, GAO Chenghui
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
Cite this article:
LIU Ming, YAN Fuwen, GAO Chenghui. Effects of Progressive Normal Force on Microscratch Responses of Metallic Materials. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(10): 1333-1342.
Metallic materials are widely used in automotive, medical equipment, architecture, aerospace, and other fields. However, friction and wear are inevitable with the use of metallic materials. Therefore, it is important to study the friction and wear mechanisms of these materials for prolonging their service life. In the present work, microscratch test was carried out on sixteen metallic materials with a Rockwell C 120° diamond indenter to investigate the effects of the progressive normal force on the scratch responses of the materials. By increasing the normal force linearly from 5 mN to 30 N, both the penetration and residual depths increase linearly. The elastic recovery rate firstly increases rapidly, and then remains nearly stable. When the penetration depth is smaller than the transition depth of the indenter, only the sphere is in contact with the material, resulting in a nonlinear increase in the residual scratch width; when the conical part of the indenter is in contact with the material, the residual scratch width increases linearly. The asymptotic elastic recovery rate and scratch hardness increase linearly with the yield strength. The scratch friction coefficients of pure Mo, pure W, and 40Cr always increase nonlinearly with normal force, and the scratch friction coefficients of other metals firstly increase nonlinearly and then remain nearly stable. The variation of the scratch friction coefficient can be explained by a geometrical contact model. Adhesion friction and ploughing friction play almost the same role in the friction mechanism of QT500, and ploughing friction plays the major role in the friction mechanism of other materials under large normal forces. The asymptotic scratch friction coefficient decreases linearly with the increase of the asymptotic scratch hardness and the ratio of asymptotic scratch hardness over the elastic modulus.
Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705082、51875106);Scientific Research Project of Science and Education Park of Fuzhou University, Jinjiang City(2019-JJFDKY-11)
About author: LIU Ming, professor, Tel: 15606066237, E-mail: mingliu@fzu.edu.cn
Fig.1 Schematics of geometrical contact model between indenter and material (Fn—normal force, Ft—lateral force, α—half-apex angle of the indenter, R—radius of spherical tip of the indenter, dt—sphere-to-cone transition depth, dp—penetration depth, Sh—horizontally projected contact area, Sv—vertically projected contact area)
Fig.2 Variations of penetration depth (a) and residual depth (dr) (b) with normal force
Fig.3 Variation of elastic recovery rate (Re) with normal force (Rea—asymptotic elastic recovery rate)
Fig.4 OM images of residual scratch morphologies of Q235 (a), 45 steel (b), and Mo (c) (Ws—scratch width)
Fig.5 Variations of scratch width with normal force (a) and dp / dt (b)
Fig.6 Variations of scratch hardness (Hs) (a) and contact pressure (Pc) (b) with normal force (Have—asymptotic scratch hardness)
Fig.7 Relationships among Rea, yield strength (σy), Knoop hardness (Hk), and Have
Material
σy / GPa
E / GPa
Al
0.020
71.1
AZ41
0.173
-
AZ31
0.176
43
AZ61
0.207
44
QT500
0.32
168
20 steel
0.245
197
Q235
0.235
206.7
CrWMn
-
279
T10
0.3187
203
45 steel
0.355
205.6
T8
0.29
203
40Cr
0.412
209.9
T12
-
206
60Si2Mn
0.674
204
W
0.75
385
Mo
0.97
315
Table 1 Mechanical properties of sixteen metallic materials[36-59]
Fig.8 Variations of lateral force (a) and scratch friction coefficient (μ) (b) with normal force (μ0—asymptotic scratch friction coefficient)
Fig.9 Variations of ploughing friction coefficient (μp) and adhesion friction coefficient (μa) with normal force
Fig.10 Variations of μ0 with Have (a) and Have / E (b)
1
Liu M, Li S, Gao C H. Fracture toughness measurement by micro-scratch tests with conical indenter [J]. Tribology, 2019, 39: 556
Liu Z, Sun J, Shen W. Study of plowing and friction at the surfaces of plastic deformed metals [J]. Tribol. Int., 2002, 35: 511
3
Adler T A, Walters R P. Wear and scratch hardness of 304 stainless steel investigated with a single scratch test [J]. Wear, 1993, 162-164: 713
4
Meng F J, Wang J Q, Han E H, et al. Microstructure near scratch on alloy 690TT and stress corrosion induced by scratching [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2011, 47: 839
van Breemen L C A, Govaert L E, Meijer H E H. Scratching poly-carbonate: A quantitative model [J]. Wear, 2012, 274-275: 238
6
Zhang G, Zhang C, Nardin P, et al. Effects of sliding velocity and applied load on the tribological mechanism of amorphous poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) [J]. Tribol. Int., 2008, 41: 79
7
Li K, Shapiro Y, Li J C M. Scratch test of soda-lime glass [J]. Acta Mater., 1998, 46: 5569
8
Bandyopadhyay P, Dey A, Mukhopadhyay A K. Novel combined scratch and nanoindentation experiments on soda-lime-silica glass [J]. Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 2012, 3: 163
9
Beegan D, Chowdhury S, Laugier M T. Comparison between nanoindentation and scratch test hardness (scratch hardness) values of copper thin films on oxidised silicon substrates [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201: 5804
10
Xu J, Bao X K, Jiang S Y. In vitro corrosion resistance of Ta2N nanocrystalline coating in simulated body fluids [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 54: 443
Kanematsu W. Subsurface damage in scratch testing of silicon nitride [J]. Wear, 2004, 256: 100
12
Lafaye S, Gauthier C, Schirrer R. A surface flow line model of a scratching tip: Apparent and true local friction coefficients [J]. Tribol. Int., 2005, 38: 113
13
Lee K, Marimuthu K P, Kim C L, et al. Scratch-tip-size effect and change of friction coefficient in Nano / micro scratch tests using XFEM [J]. Tribol. Int., 2018, 120: 398
14
Akono A T, Kabir P. Microscopic fracture characterization of gas shale via scratch testing [J]. Mech. Res. Commun., 2016, 78: 86
15
Akono A T, Randall N X, Ulm F J. Experimental determination of the fracture toughness via microscratch tests: Application to polymers, ceramics, and metals [J]. J. Mater. Res., 2012, 27: 485
16
Liu F X, Yang F Q, Gao Y F, et al. Micro-scratch study of a magnetron-sputtered Zr-based metallic-glass film [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203: 3480
17
Yang C, Jiang B L, Feng L, et al. Effect of discharge characteristics of target on ionization and deposition of deposited particles [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 51: 1523
Liu J, Lao Y X, Wang Y. Effects of Cu on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlN/TiN-Cu nanocomposite multilayers [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2017, 53: 465
Kumar A, Staedler T, Jiang X. Effect of normal load and roughness on the nanoscale friction coefficient in the elastic and plastic contact regime [J]. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol., 2013, 4: 66
20
Gauthier C, Schirrer R. Time and temperature dependence of the scratch properties of poly (methylmethacrylate) surfaces [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2000, 35: 2121
21
Bandyopadhyay P, Dey A, Mandal A K, et al. New observations on scratch deformations of soda lime silica glass [J]. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2012, 358: 1897
22
Gao C H, Liu M. Effect of sample tilt on measurement of friction coefficient by constant-load scratch testing of copper with a spherical indenter [J]. J. Test. Eval., 2020, 48: 970
23
Gao C H, Liu M. Effects of normal load on the coefficient of friction by microscratch test of copper with a spherical indenter [J]. Tribol. Lett., 2019, 67: 8
24
Bensaid N, Benbahouche S, Roumili F, et al. Influence of the normal load of scratching on cracking and mechanical strength of soda-lime-silica glass [J]. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2018, 483: 65
25
Zhang F H, Meng B B, Geng Y Q, et al. Friction behavior in nanoscratching of reaction bonded silicon carbide ceramic with Berkovich and sphere indenters [J]. Tribol. Int., 2016, 97: 21
26
Liu M, Yan F W, Gao C H. Effect of normal load on microscratch test of copper [J]. Acta Metrol. Sin., 2020, 41: 1095
Geng Y Q, Yan Y D, He Y, et al. Investigation on friction behavior and processing depth prediction of polymer in nanoscale using AFM probe-based nanoscratching method [J]. Tribol. Int., 2017, 114: 33
28
Zhang D, Sun Y, Gao C H, et al. Measurement of fracture toughness of copper via constant-load microscratch with a spherical indenter [J]. Wear, 2020, 444-445: 203158
29
Xie Z F, Yu J X, Qian L M. Load effect on the translation of friction mechanism of four materials [J]. J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., 2009, 43: 1930
Liu M, Yang S H, Gao C H. Scratch behavior of polycarbonate by Rockwell C diamond indenter under progressive loading [J]. Polym. Test., 2020, 90: 106643
31
Lafaye S, Troyon M. On the friction behaviour in nanoscratch testing [J]. Wear, 2006, 261: 905
32
Barletta M, Tagliaferri V, Gisario A, et al. Progressive and constant load scratch testing of single- and multi-layered composite coatings [J]. Tribol. Int., 2013, 64: 39
33
Xu N, Han W Z, Wang Y C, et al. Nanoscratching of copper surface by CeO2 [J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 124: 343
34
Caro J, Cuadrado N, González I, et al. Microscratch resistance of ophthalmic coatings on organic lenses [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205: 5040
35
Williams J A. Analytical models of scratch hardness [J]. Tribol. Int., 1996, 29: 675
36
Li C S, Huang D B. Mechanical Engineering Materials Handbook: Metal Materials [M]. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press, 2006: 33
Wu G H, Xiao H, Zhou H Z, et al. Anisotropy of warm-temperature tensile properties of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy [J]. Chin. J. Nonferrous Met., 2017, 27: 57
Cao F H, Long S Y, Liao H M, et al. Effects of high strain rate on mechanical properties of as-extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy [J]. Spec. Cast. Nonferrous Alloys, 2009, 29: 501
Xue Y D, Zhao Y L, He Q, et al. Reason analysis and solution method for unqualified performance of 20 steel forging [J]. Heavy Casting Forging, 2013, (1): 30
Zhang X, Cheng H M, Li J Y, et al. Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of T10 steel quenched by atomized water with nitrogen gas [J]. Hot Working Tech., 2015, 44: 219
Duan Z X, Ren S K, Xi X W, et al. Magnetizing reversal characteristic of 40Cr steel during stress-magnetizing process [J]. J. Iron Steel Res., 2016, 28: 77
Jing Q M, Bi Y, Wu Q, et al. Yield strength of molybdenum at high pressures [J]. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2007, 78: 073906
47
Kadykova G N, Surovaya G N. Temperature coefficient of the elasticity modulus of niobium alloys [J]. Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1968, 10: 400
48
Bočan J, Maňák J, Jäger A. Nanomechanical analysis of AZ31 magnesium alloy and pure magnesium correlated with crystallographic orientation [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, A644: 121
49
Kakiuchi T, Uematsu Y, Teratani T, et al. Effect of film elastic modulus on fatigue behaviour of DLC-coated wrought magnesium alloy AZ61 [J]. Procedia Eng., 2011, 10: 1087
50
Shang Q Y, Gong J X. Experimental research on elastic-plastic mechanical properties of spheroidal graphite cast iron at high termperature [J]. Hot Working Tech., 2000, (2): 19
Kucher V N. Refinement of parameters of the model for nonlocalized damage accumulation to describe deformation of the steel 20 [J]. Strength Mater., 2010, 42: 735
52
Wang L M, Feng Y, Chen F X, et al. Elasto-plastic test of Q235 steel bending beam with cracking resistance [J]. J. Iron Steel Res., Int., 2013, 20: 57
53
Peng Z J, Miao H Z, Qi L H, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium nitride coatings for cemented carbide cutting tools by pulsed high energy density plasma [J]. Chin. Sci. Bull., 2003, 48: 1316
54
Luo X X, Yao Z J, Zhang P Z, et al. Tribological behaviors of Fe-Al-Cr-Nb alloyed layer deposited on 45 steel via double glow plasma surface metallurgy technique [J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2015, 25: 3694
55
Fan X. Microstructures and mechanical properties of high-carbon pearlitic steel after deformation [J]. Foundry Technol., 2014, 35: 247
Liu Y, Wang L J, Wang D P, et al. Nano mechanical properties of 40Cr surface layer after ultrasonic surface rolling processing [J]. J. Tianjin Univ., 2012, 45: 656
Jiang D Y, Zhong S Y, Xiao W B, et al. Structural, mechanical, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of pure tungsten metal under different pressures: A first-principles study [J]. Int. J. Quantum Chem., 2020, 120: e26231
59
Farraro R, Mclellan R B. Temperature dependence of the Young's modulus and shear modulus of pure nickel, platinum, and molybdenum [J]. Metall. Trans., 1977, 8A: 1563
60
Xue H, Li K, Wang S, et al. Hardness indentation size effect analysis of 316L austenitic stainless steels during cold working [J]. China Mech. Eng., 2019, 30: 105
Liu M, Proudhon H. Finite element analysis of contact deformation regimes of an elastic-power plastic hardening sinusoidal asperity [J]. Mech. Mater., 2016, 103: 78
62
Bull S J, Berasetegui E G. An overview of the potential of quantitative coating adhesion measurement by scratch testing [J]. Tribol. Int., 2006, 39: 99
63
Ni W Y, Cheng Y T, Lukitsch M, et al. Effects of the ratio of hardness to Young's modulus on the friction and wear behavior of bilayer coatings [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, 85: 4028
