Deformation and Damage Behavior of Single Crystal Superalloys Under Near-Service Conditions

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00292

Acta Metall Sin

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (5): 875-889 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00292

Overview

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Deformation and Damage Behavior of Single Crystal Superalloys Under Near-Service Conditions

ZHANG Jian(

), WANG Dong(

), LI Yawei, HUANG Yaqi, ZHAN Xin, XIE Guang

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

ZHANG Jian, WANG Dong, LI Yawei, HUANG Yaqi, ZHAN Xin, XIE Guang. Deformation and Damage Behavior of Single Crystal Superalloys Under Near-Service Conditions. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(5): 875-889.

Download:

HTML

PDF(1378KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Ni-based single crystal superalloys are key materials for turbine blades in aero-engines and gas turbines. Their deformation and damage behavior under the coupled effects of high temperature, complex stress states, and harsh environments directly affects blade service safety and lifespan. This paper systematically reviews recent research progress on single-crystal superalloys with respect to creep, fatigue, and thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF), with an emphasis on the evolution of microstructures and damage mechanisms under multifield coupling conditions. For creep, the effects of thickness debit, hot corrosion, and multiaxial stress on material properties are summarized, and emerging phenomena and mechanisms associated with ultra-high-temperature exposure, long-term service, and nonisothermal creep are discussed. For fatigue, the transformation of crack initiation mechanisms under low-cycle, high-cycle, and very-high-cycle fatigue conditions is clarified; the synergistic effects of thermo-mechanical-environment coupling and multiaxial stress are examined; and the critical roles of surface condition and structural characteristics in component fatigue performance are highlighted. For TMF, the influences of phase relationship, crystal orientation, alloying elements, and coating-substrate interactions on damage behavior are reviewed. Additionally, this paper reviews the application and progress of in situ characterization techniques for elucidating deformation and damage mechanisms. Finally, future research directions in this field are outlined.

Key words: single crystal superalloy near-service creep fatigue thermal-mechanical fatigue

Received: 28 September 2025

ZTFLH:

TG132.3

Fund: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1600603);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201151);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52331005);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2141206);National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-IV-0006-0074);National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-VI-0010-0124);CSNS Consortium on High-Performance Materials of Chinese Academy of Sciences(JZHKYPT-2021-01);International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(172GJHZ2022095FN);Postdoctoral Fellow-ship Program of CPSF(GZC20241762);Science and Technology Major Project of Liaoning Province(2024JH1/11700035)

Corresponding Authors: ZHANG Jian, professor, Tel: (024)23971196, E-mail: jianzhang@imr.ac.cn; WANG Dong, Tel: (024)83970230, E-mail: dwang@imr.ac.cn

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	ZHANG Jian
	WANG Dong
	LI Yawei
	HUANG Yaqi
	ZHAN Xin
	XIE Guang

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00292 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I5/875

Fig.1 Thickness debit effect of creep property of single crystal superalloys^[4-10] (SX—single-crystal)

Fig.2 Fatigue crack initiation mechanism under different loading conditions
(a) cracking of carbides is attributed to the combination of oxidizing and cyclic loading
(b) crack initiating from slip band shearing around casting pore
(c) γ′-rotation within the rough zone around casting pore is related to the operation of {111}<110> and {111}<112> slip systems (σ—stress)
(d) slip bands with different direction observed within eutectic show more uniform deformation
(e) hot isostatic pressing (HIP) specimens mainly fail from the surface oxidation and present the best fatigue property

Fig.3 Schematics of the thermal-mechanical fatigue (TMF) deformation mechanism in single-crystal superalloys (OP—out-of-phase, IP—in-phase)
(a) during IP-TMF cycling, alloy deformation mechanism is dominated by creep damage, with cracks preferentially initiating at carbides and casting pores
(b) under the OP-TMF cycling, highly localized twinning is the major deformation mechanism, and cracks propagate rapidly along the twinning planes. Recrystallization occurs within the deformation bands, with the interception of twins in different orientations serving as initiation sites (TCP—topologically close-packed phase)

[1]	Zhang J, Wang L, Xie G, et al. Recent progress in research and development of nickel-based single crystal superalloys [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2023, 59: 1109 doi: 10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00140
	张健, 王莉, 谢光等. 镍基单晶高温合金的研发进展 [J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59: 1109
[2]	Li Y W. Study on high temperature creep and very high cycle fatigue behaviors of a 3rd generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy [D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023
	李亚微. 一种第三代镍基单晶高温合金高温蠕变与超高周疲劳行为研究 [D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2023
[3]	He Y F, Wang S G, Shen J, et al. Evolution of micro-pores in a single crystal nickel-based superalloy during 980 ^oC creep [J]. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2022, 35: 1397 doi: 10.1007/s40195-021-01371-6
[4]	Yu Z Y, Wang X M, Liang H, et al. Thickness debit effect in Ni-based single crystal superalloys at different stress levels [J]. Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2020, 170: 105357 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105357
[5]	Zhang Y, Xu R D, Hu J K, et al. A thickness debit effect characterization parameter for creep rupture behaviors of nickel-based single crystal superalloys [J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2024, 29: 3522 doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.238
[6]	Seetharaman V, Cetel A D. Thickness debit in creep properties of PWA 1484 [A]. Superalloys 2004 [M]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2004: 207
[7]	Zhang S Q, Ma G Q, Wang H B, et al. Thickness debit effect in creep performance of a Ni₃Al-based single-crystal superalloy with [001] orientation [J]. Crystals, 2023, 13: 200 doi: 10.3390/cryst13020200
[8]	Wu J J, Meng J, Zou M K, et al. Effect of wall thickness on micropores and stress-rupture properties of a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2023, A872: 144941
[9]	Lv J J, Zhao Y S, Wang S, et al. Stress state mechanism of thickness debit effect in creep performances of a Ni-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Plast., 2022, 159: 103470 doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2022.103470
[10]	Liu J, Yu M H, Min S L, et al. The effect of secondary dendrite orientation on thickness debit effect of nickel-based single-crystal superalloy with tubular samples [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2025, 217: 80 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.06.056
[11]	Li Y F. Anisotropic creep properties of a 3rd generation nickel-base single crystal superalloy [D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2019
	李一飞. 一种第三代镍基单晶高温合金蠕变各向异性的研究 [D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2019
[12]	Xiao Q F, Xu Y M, Liu X L, et al. Oxidation-induced recrystallization and damage mechanism of a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy during creep [J]. Mater. Charact., 2023, 195: 112465 doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112465
[13]	Yang B S, Li B, Zhang Y N. Creep rupture of smoothed and notched DD6 single crystal superalloy specimens subjected to high-temperature hot corrosion [J]. Mater. Des., 2025, 249: 113526 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113526
[14]	Yang Y Q, Zhao Y C, Wen Z X, et al. Study on the hot corrosion-creep failure mechanism of Ni-based single crystal superalloy considering the stress dependence [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2024, A897: 146350
[15]	Liu H, Wang X M, Zhao Z N, et al. The analysis on creep failure mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloys deposited with different molten salts [J]. Eng. Failure Anal., 2023, 147: 107171 doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107171
[16]	Liu H, Wang X M, Liu P Y, et al. Experimental and chemo-mechanical analysis of hot corrosion influence on creep properties of DD6 single crystal superalloy in molten NaCl salt [J]. Eng. Fract. Mech., 2022, 260: 108194 doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.108194
[17]	Caccuri V, Cormier J, Desmorat R. γ′-rafting mechanisms under com-plex mechanical stress state in Ni-based single crystalline superalloys [J]. Mater. Des., 2017, 131: 487 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.018
[18]	Cao L, Wollgramm P, Bürger D, et al. How evolving multiaxial stress states affect the kinetics of rafting during creep of single crystal Ni-base superalloys [J]. Acta Mater., 2018, 158: 381 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.061
[19]	Yang B S, Li B. Creep notch effect in DD6 Ni-based single crystal superalloy: Experimental and modeling studies [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2025, A931: 148221
[20]	Huang J, Qin H J, Li R H, et al. Influence of loading sequence on notch creep behavior of Ni-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2025, A939: 148472
[21]	Bao P Y, Wang J W, Zhao H G, et al. Creep behavior and mechanism of a notched γ′-rich Ni-based single crystal superalloy at high temperature [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2025, A925: 147883
[22]	Qi D Q, Wang L, Zhao P, et al. Facilitating effect of interfacial grooves on the rafting of nickel-based single crystal superalloy at high temperature [J]. Scr. Mater., 2019, 167: 71 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.04.001
[23]	Kontis P, Li Z M, Collins D M, et al. The effect of chromium and cobalt segregation at dislocations on nickel-based superalloys [J]. Scr. Mater., 2018, 145: 76 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.10.005
[24]	Ru Y, Li S S, Zhou J, et al. Dislocation network with pair-coupling structure in {111} γ/γ′ interface of Ni-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6: 29941 doi: 10.1038/srep29941
[25]	Li Y W, Wang L, He Y F, et al. Role of interfacial dislocation networks during secondary creep at elevated temperatures in a single crystal Ni-based superalloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2022, 217: 114769 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114769
[26]	Li Y W, Wang L, Lou L H, et al. Stress effect on rupture mechanisms of a third generation single crystal superalloy crept at ultra-high temperature [J]. Aeronaut. Manuf. Technol., 2023, 66(4): 48
	李亚微, 王莉, 楼琅洪等. 应力对第3代单晶高温合金超高温蠕变断裂机制的影响 [J]. 航空制造技术, 2023, 66(4): 48
[27]	Gao Y H, Ru Y, Zhao W Y, et al. Exceptional ultra-high temperature creep resistance of a [111]-oriented single crystal superalloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2024, 246: 116093 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116093
[28]	Tian N, Zhao G Q, Shi Z Z, et al. High-temperature creep behaviour and deformation mechanism of a high-concentration Re/Ru single-crystal nickel-based alloy [J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2024, 29: 1350 doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.131
[29]	Luo L, Ru Y, Ma Y, et al. Design for 1200 ^oC creep properties of Ni-based single crystal superalloys: Effect of γ′-forming elements and its microscopic mechanism [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022, A832: 142494
[30]	Lukáš P, Čadek J, Kunz L, et al. Creep resistance of single crystal superalloys CMSX-4 and CM186LC [J]. Kovove Mater., 2005, 43: 5
[31]	Lu F, Lu S, Antonov S, et al. Duration-affected creep behaviors of Ni-based single crystal superalloys with/without rhenium addition designed for IGT application [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2023, A864: 144560
[32]	Dubiel B, Czyrska-Filemonowicz A. TEM analyses of microstructure evolution in ex-service single crystal CMSX-4 gas turbine blade [J]. Solid State Phenom., 2012, 186: 139 doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.186
[33]	Giraud R, Hervier Z, Cormier J, et al. Strain effect on the γ′ dissolution at high temperatures of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2013, 44A: 131
[34]	Cormier J, Milhet X, Mendez J. Non-isothermal creep at very high temperature of the nickel-based single crystal superalloy MC2 [J]. Acta Mater., 2007, 55: 6250 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.048
[35]	Le Graverend J B, Dirand L, Jacques A, et al. In situ measurement of the γ/γ′ lattice mismatch evolution of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy during non-isothermal very high-temperature creep experiments [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2012, 43A: 3946
[36]	le Graverend J B, Cormier J, Jouiad M, et al. Effect of fine γ′ precipitation on non-isothermal creep and creep-fatigue behaviour of nickel base superalloy MC2 [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2010, A527: 5295
[37]	Cormier J. Thermal cycling creep resistance of Ni-based single crystal superalloys [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium of Superalloys [M]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 385
[38]	Milhet X, Cormier J, Organista A. On the role of the internal stress during non-isothermal creep life of a first generation nickel based single crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2010, A527: 2280
[39]	Ge C T, Liu L R, Lv P S, et al. Microstructure and stress rupture properties degradation of a 2nd generation single crystal superalloy during short-duration overheating [J]. Mater. Today Commun., 2025, 44: 111960
[40]	Schwalbe C, Cormier J, Jones C N, et al. Investigating the dislocation-driven micro-mechanical response under non-isothermal creep conditions in single-crystal superalloys [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2018, 49A: 3988
[41]	Duan H D, Kang J, Li G, et al. Effects of ultra-high-temperature thermal cycles on the microstructure evolution and creep behavior of a high γ′ volume fraction nickel-based single-crystal superalloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2025, 1035: 181590 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.181590
[42]	Liang J W. The creep properties of nickel-based single crystal superalloy under overheating and overload conditions [D]. Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2018
	梁建伟. 镍基单晶合金超温超载蠕变性能研究 [D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2018
[43]	Hantcherli M, Pettinari-Sturmel F, Viguier B, et al. Evolution of interfacial dislocation network during anisothermal high-temperature creep of a nickel-based superalloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2012, 66: 143 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.10.022
[44]	Viguier B, Touratier F, Andrieu E. High-temperature creep of single-crystal nickel-based superalloy: Microstructural changes and effects of thermal cycling [J]. Philos. Mag., 2011, 91: 4427 doi: 10.1080/14786435.2011.609151
[45]	Zhang J, Wang L, Wang D, et al. Recent progress in research and development of nickel-based single crystal superalloys [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2019, 55: 1077
	张健, 王莉, 王栋等. 镍基单晶高温合金的研发进展 [J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55: 1077
[46]	Cowles B A. High cycle fatigue in aircraft gas turbines—An industry perspective [J]. Int. J. Fract., 1996, 80: 147 doi: 10.1007/BF00012667
[47]	Beardmore P, Davies R G, Johnston T L. On the temperature dependence of the flow stress of nickel-base alloys [J]. Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 1969, 245: 1537
[48]	Xu J C, Zhao X B, Chen J S, et al. Temperature-dependent microscopic deformation mechanisms and performance enhancement prospects in high-cycle fatigue of nickel-based single crystal superalloys [J]. Int. J. Plast., 2025, 184: 104207 doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104207
[49]	He Z W, Zhang Y Y, Qiu W H, et al. Temperature effect on the low cycle fatigue behavior of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A676: 246
[50]	Li P, Li Q Q, Jin T, et al. Comparison of low-cycle fatigue behaviors between two nickel-based single-crystal superalloys [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2014, 63: 137 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.01.018
[51]	Zhang L, Zhao L G, Roy A, et al. Low-cycle fatigue of single crystal nickel-based superalloy—Mechanical testing and TEM characterisation [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, A744: 538
[52]	Fan Y S, Yang X G, Tan L, et al. Experiment and modelling on the effect of microstructural morphology on fatigue life of a Ni-based superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2020, A786: 139368
[53]	Ma X F, Shi H J. In situ SEM studies of the low cycle fatigue behavior of DZ4 superalloy at elevated temperature: Effect of partial recrystallization [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2014, 61: 255 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.11.001
[54]	Rémy L, Geuffrard M, Alam A, et al. Effects of microstructure in high temperature fatigue: Lifetime to crack initiation of a single crystal superalloy in high temperature low cycle fatigue [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2013, 57: 37 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.10.013
[55]	Morrissey R J, John R, Porter III W J. Fatigue variability of a single crystal superalloy at elevated temperature [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2009, 31: 1758 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.03.013
[56]	Prasad K, Sarkar R, Gopinath K. Role of shrinkage pores, carbides on cyclic deformation behaviour of conventionally cast nickel base superalloy CM247LC® at 870 ^oC [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A654: 381
[57]	Reuchet J, Remy L. Fatigue oxidation interaction in a superalloy—Application to life prediction in high temperature low cycle fatigue [J]. Metall. Trans., 1983, 14A: 141
[58]	Ma X F, Shi H J, Gu J L. In-situ scanning electron microscopy studies of small fatigue crack growth in recrystallized layer of a directionally solidified superalloy [J]. Mater. Lett., 2010, 64: 2080 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2010.06.044
[59]	Zhang L, Zhao L G, Roy A, et al. In-situ SEM study of slip-controlled short-crack growth in single-crystal nickel superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, A742: 564
[60]	Lamm M, Singer R F. The effect of casting conditions on the high-cycle fatigue properties of the single-crystal nickel-base superalloy PWA 1483 [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2007, 38A: 1177
[61]	Bortoluci Ormastroni L M, Mataveli Suave L, Cervellon A, et al. LCF, HCF and VHCF life sensitivity to solution heat treatment of a third-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2020, 130: 105247 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105247
[62]	Fritzemeier L G. The influence of high thermal gradient casting, hot isostatic pressing and alternate heat treatment on the structure and properties of a single crystal nickel base superalloy [A]. Superalloys 1988 [M]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1988: 265
[63]	Steuer S, Villechaise P, Pollock T M, et al. Benefits of high gradient solidification for creep and low cycle fatigue of AM1 single crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, A645: 109
[64]	Huang Y Q, Wang D, Shen J, et al. Initiation of fatigue cracks in a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy at intermediate temperature [A]. Superalloys 2020: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Superalloys [M]. Cham: Springer, 2020: 208
[65]	Huang Y Q, Wang D, Lu Y Z, et al. Fatigue crack initiation behavior at intermediate temperature under high stress amplitude for single crystal superalloy DD413 [J]. Chin. J. Mater. Res., 2021, 35: 510 doi: 10.11901/1005.3093.2020.274
	黄亚奇, 王栋, 卢玉章等. 第一代单晶高温合金中温高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为 [J]. 材料研究学报, 2021, 35: 510 doi: 10.11901/1005.3093.2020.274
[66]	Ruttert B, Meid C, Roncery L M, et al. Effect of porosity and eutectics on the high-temperature low-cycle fatigue performance of a nickel-base single-crystal superalloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2018, 155: 139 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.036
[67]	Liu Y H, Kang M D, Wu Y, et al. Effects of microporosity and precipitates on the cracking behavior in polycrystalline superalloy Inconel 718 [J]. Mater. Charact., 2017, 132: 175 doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2017.08.012
[68]	Kontis P, Alabort E, Barba D, et al. On the role of boron on improving ductility in a new polycrystalline superalloy [J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 124: 489 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.009
[69]	Kontis P, Yusof H A M, Pedrazzini S, et al. On the effect of boron on grain boundary character in a new polycrystalline superalloy [J]. Acta Mater., 2016, 103: 688 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.10.006
[70]	Lukáš P, Kunz L. Cyclic slip localisation and fatigue crack initiation in fcc single crystals [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2001, A314: 75
[71]	Lukáš P, Kunz L. Role of persistent slip bands in fatigue [J]. Philos. Mag., 2004, 84: 317 doi: 10.1080/14786430310001610339
[72]	Brundidge C L, Pollock T M. Processing to fatigue properties: Benefits of high gradient casting for single crystal airfoils [A]. Superalloys 2012 [C]. Hoboken: Wiley, 2012: 379
[73]	Huang Y Q, Wang S G, Lu Y Z, et al. Ex-situ investigation of micro-pore evolution and crack initiation/propagation during fatigue in a single crystal Ni-based superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2025, A947: 149224
[74]	Furuya Y, Kobayashi K, Hayakawa M, et al. High-temperature ultrasonic fatigue testing of single-crystal superalloys [J]. Mater. Lett., 2012, 69: 1 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.11.066
[75]	Cervellon A, Hémery S, Kürnsteiner P, et al. Crack initiation mechanisms during very high cycle fatigue of Ni-based single crystal superalloys at high temperature [J]. Acta Mater., 2020, 188: 131 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.02.012
[76]	Very high cycle fatigue at elevated temperatures: A review on high temperature ultrasonic fatigue [J]. J. Space Saf. Eng., 2022, 9: 488
[77]	Ranc N, Wagner D, Paris P C. Study of thermal effects associated with crack propagation during very high cycle fatigue tests [J]. Acta Mater., 2008, 56: 4012 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.04.023
[78]	Zhao Z, Zhang F, Dong C, et al. Initiation and early-stage growth of internal fatigue cracking under very-high-cycle fatigue regime at high temperature [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2020, 51A: 1575
[79]	Morales A V, Mauget F, Larrouy B, et al. Very high cycle fatigue of a notched Ni-based single crystal superalloy at high temperature [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2024, 186: 108379 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108379
[80]	Cervellon A, Cormier J, Mauget F, et al. Very high cycle fatigue of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys at high temperature [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2018, 49A: 3938
[81]	Cervellon A, Ormastroni L M B, Hervier Z, et al. Damage mechanisms during very high cycle fatigue of a coated and grit-blasted Ni-based single-crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2021, 142: 105962 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105962
[82]	Li Y W, Wang D, He Y F, et al. High temperature VHCF of a 3rd generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy with different casting pore sizes [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2023, 175: 107804 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107804
[83]	Zhao Z, Li Q, Zhang F, et al. Transition from internal to surface crack initiation of a single-crystal superalloy in the very-high-cycle fatigue regime at 1100 ^oC [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2021, 150: 106343 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106343
[84]	Zhou Z F, Wang D K, Li R G, et al. Quantifying the impact of oxidized carbide expansion on fatigue crack initiation in a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Charact., 2025, 220: 114701 doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114701
[85]	Yi W J, Huang Y Q, Wang S G, et al. Quasi in-situ investigation of very high cycle fatigue in a third generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy at high temperature [A]. Chinese Materials Conference 2025 [C]. Xia'men: Chinese Materials Research Society, 2025
	易文静, 黄亚奇, 王绍钢等. 第三代镍基单晶高温合金高温超高周疲劳准原位研究 [A]. 中国材料大会2025 [C]. 厦门: 中国材料研究学会, 2025
[86]	Lu P, Jin X C, Li P, et al. Crystal plasticity constitutive model and thermodynamics informed creep-fatigue life prediction model for Ni-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2023, 176: 107829 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107829
[87]	Yin Q, Wang J D, Wen Z X, et al. Creep-fatigue behavior of nickel-based single crystal superalloy with different orientations: Experimental characterization and multi-scale simulation [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2023, A886: 145667
[88]	Song J N, Li Z L, Tan H J, et al. A comparative study of creep-fatigue life prediction for complex geometrical specimens using supervised machine learning [J]. Eng. Fract. Mech., 2023, 291: 109567 doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109567
[89]	Xu J W, Luo C, Li J Z, et al. Multiscale modeling of oxidation-fatigue damage mechanisms under compressive dwell-fatigue loading conditions for nickel-based single-crystal superalloy [J]. Eng. Fract. Mech., 2025, 315: 110823 doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.110823
[90]	Meng Y, Zhou C G, Zhao Z H, et al. Effect of oxidation on the competition between internal and external fatigue crack initiation of Ni-based single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2025, 197: 108930 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2025.108930
[91]	Martin A, Drouelle E, Rame J, et al. Low cycle fatigue/corrosion interactions at 950 ^oC of AM1 single crystal nickel-based superalloy [J]. High Temp. Corros. Mater., 2024, 101: 961
[92]	Shrestha R, Simsiriwong J, Shamsaei N. Fatigue behavior of additive manufactured 316L stainless steel under axial versus rotating-bending loading: Synergistic effects of stress gradient, surface roughness, and volumetric defects [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2021, 144: 106063 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.106063
[93]	Beevers E, Brandão A D, Gumpinger J, et al. Fatigue properties and material characteristics of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg—Effect of the contour parameter on the microstructure, density, residual stress, roughness and mechanical properties [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2018, 117: 148 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.08.023
[94]	Yu J J, Yang Y H, Sun X F, et al. Rotary bending high-cycle fatigue behavior of DD32 single crystal superalloy containing rhenium [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47: 4805 doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-6323-4
[95]	Liu L Y, Gao X Y, Yang X F, et al. Vibration fatigue properties and fracture mechanism of DD6 single crystal superalloy [J]. J. Mater. Eng., 2018, 46(2): 128 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2016.000891
	刘丽玉, 高翔宇, 杨宪锋等. DD6单晶高温合金振动疲劳性能及断裂机理 [J]. 材料工程, 2018, 46(2): 128 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2016.000891
[96]	Lu H, Wang J D, Lian Y D, et al. Effect of orientation deviation on random vibration fatigue behavior of nickel based single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2023, 177: 107930 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107930
[97]	Xu W, Zhu B C, Chen X, et al. Thickness debit effect of Ni-based single crystal superalloy thin-walled specimens in the VHCF regime based on a vibration fatigue test [J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2024, 33: 2538 doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.247
[98]	Zhao Y J, Song Y Y, Yang W Z, et al. Vibration fatigue of film cooling hole structure of Ni-based single crystal turbine blade: Failure behavior and life prediction [J]. Eng. Fract. Mech., 2024, 312: 110637 doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.110637
[99]	Zhao Y J, Qu Y X, Yang W Z, et al. Vibration fatigue behavior and failure mechanism of Ni-based single-crystal film cooling hole structure under high temperature [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2025, 190: 108646 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108646
[100]	Li H T, Wang X M, Cheng H, et al. A systematical investigation on the impact of coupling crystal orientations on vibration characteristics of a single crystal superalloy cooling turbine blade [J]. Thin-Walled Struct., 2025, 206: 112690 doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2024.112690
[101]	Liu L, Sun S Y, Chen H T, et al. Effects of shot peening on improving high-temperature fretting fatigue performance of nickel-based single crystal superalloy tenon attachment [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2024, 188: 108540 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108540
[102]	Dao V H, Yun H S, Jeon S K, et al. Comparison of fatigue characteristics and failure analysis of Ni-based superalloy subjected to thermomechanical fatigue under different phase conditions [J]. Eng. Fail. Anal., 2024, 165: 108814 doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108814
[103]	Moverare J J, Johansson S, Reed R C. Deformation and damage mechanisms during thermal-mechanical fatigue of a single-crystal superalloy [J]. Acta Mater., 2009, 57: 2266 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.01.027
[104]	Hong H U, Kang J G, Choi B G, et al. A comparative study on thermomechanical and low cycle fatigue failures of a single crystal nickel-based superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2011, 33: 1592 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.07.009
[105]	Segersäll M, Deng D Y. A comparative study between in- and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue behaviour of a single-crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2021, 146: 106162 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106162
[106]	Wang L N, Liu Y, Yu J J, et al. Orientation and temperature dependence of yielding and deformation behavior of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2009, A505: 144
[107]	Vattré A, Devincre B, Roos A. Orientation dependence of plastic deformation in nickel-based single crystal superalloys: Discrete-continuous model simulations [J]. Acta Mater., 2010, 58: 1938 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.11.037
[108]	Luo C, Yuan H. Life assessment of anisotropic low cycle fatigue of nickel-base single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2023, 167: 107310 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107310
[109]	Gabb T P, Gayda J, Miner R V. Orientation and temperature dependence of some mechanical properties of the single-crystal nickel-base superalloy René N4 Part II. Low cycle fatigue behavior [J]. Metall. Trans., 1986, 17A: 497
[110]	Zhou H G, Luo H Y. Full-stage low cycle fatigue failure mechanisms of [001], [011] and [111] oriented single crystal superalloys by a combination of SEM, TEM and acoustic emission [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2025, A922: 147596
[111]	Qu P F, Yang W C, Wang Q, et al. Unveiling the orientation sensitivity of creep life in near [001] oriented Ni-based single crystal superalloys at intermediate temperatures [J]. Int. J. Plast., 2024, 179: 104035 doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104035
[112]	Yu J, Li J R, Zhao J Q, et al. Orientation dependence of creep properties and deformation mechanism in DD6 single crystal superalloy at 760 ^oC and 785 MPa [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2013, A560: 47
[113]	Segersäll M, Moverare J J, Simonsson K, et al. Deformation and damage mechanisms during thermomechanical fatigue of a single-crystal superalloy in the <001> and <011> directions [A]. Superalloys 2012: 12th Internatioal Symposium on Superalloys [M]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2012: 215
[114]	Segersäll M, Leidermark D, Moverare J J. Influence of crystal orientation on the thermomechanical fatigue behaviour in a single-crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, A623: 68
[115]	Luo C, Yuan H. Anisotropic thermomechanical fatigue of a nickel-base single-crystal superalloy Part I: Effects of crystal orientations and damage mechanisms [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2023, 168: 107438 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107438
[116]	Kersey R K, Staroselsky A, Dudzinski D C, et al. Thermomechanical fatigue crack growth from laser drilled holes in single crystal nickel based superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2013, 55: 183 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.06.006
[117]	Wang R Q, Zhang B, Hu D Y, et al. In-phase thermomechanical fatigue lifetime prediction of nickel-based single crystal superalloys from smooth specimens to notched specimens based on coupling damage on critical plane [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2019, 126: 327 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.05.016
[118]	Zhang B, Jin X T, Zhao Y, et al. Damage simulation and experimental verification of thermomechanical fatigue in nickel-based single crystal turbine blades considering the influence of transverse crystal orientation [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2025, 194: 108838 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2025.108838
[119]	Segersäll M, Kontis P, Pedrazzini S, et al. Thermal-mechanical fatigue behaviour of a new single crystal superalloy: Effects of Si and Re alloying [J]. Acta Mater., 2015, 95: 456 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.03.060
[120]	Ge Z C, Xie G, Segersäll M, et al. Influence of Ru on the thermomechanical fatigue deformation behavior of a single crystal superalloy [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2022, 156: 106634 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106634
[121]	Itoh Y, Saitoh M, Ishiwata Y. Influence of high-temperature protective coatings on the mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 1999, 34: 3957 doi: 10.1023/A:1004643311001
[122]	Walston W S, Schaeffer J C, Murphy W H. A new type of microstructural instability in superalloys - SRZ [A]. Superalloys 1996 [M]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1996: 9
[123]	Shi D Q, Song J N, Qi H Y, et al. Effect of interface diffusion on low-cycle fatigue behaviors of MCrAlY coated single crystal superalloys [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2020, 137: 105660 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105660
[124]	Lavigne O, Ramusat C, Drawin S, et al. Relationships between microstructural instabilities and mechanical behaviour in new generation nickel-based single crystal superalloys [A]. Superalloys 2004 [M]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2004: 667
[125]	Tzimas E, Müllejans H, Peteves S D, et al. Failure of thermal barrier coating systems under cyclic thermomechanical loading [J]. Acta Mater., 2000, 48: 4699 doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00260-3
[126]	Peichl A, Beck T, Vöhringer O. Behaviour of an EB-PVD thermal barrier coating system under thermal-mechanical fatigue loading [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 162: 113 doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00698-9
[127]	Baufeld B, Tzimas E, Hähner P, et al. Phase-angle effects on damage mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings under thermomechanical fatigue [J]. Scr. Mater., 2001, 45: 859 doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01106-X
[128]	Mauget F, Hamon F, Morisset M, et al. Damage mechanisms in an EB-PVD thermal barrier coating system during TMF and TGMF testing conditions under combustion environment [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2017, 99: 225 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.08.001
[129]	Bartsch M, Baufeld B, Dalkiliç S, et al. Fatigue cracks in a thermal barrier coating system on a superalloy in multiaxial thermomechanical testing [J]. Int. J. Fatigue, 2008, 30: 211 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2007.01.037
[130]	Baufeld B, Bartsch M, Dalkiliç S, et al. Defect evolution in thermal barrier coating systems under multi-axial thermomechanical loading [J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 200: 1282 doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.07.098
[131]	Zhan X, Wang D, Xie G, et al. Damage of thermal barrier coated superalloy under thermal gradient mechanical fatigue [A]. Superalloys 2024: Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Superalloys [M]. Cham: Springer, 2024: 636
[132]	Manero A, Sofronsky S, Knipe K, et al. Monitoring local strain in a thermal barrier coating system under thermal mechanical gas turbine operating conditions [J]. JOM, 2015, 67: 1528 doi: 10.1007/s11837-015-1399-3
[133]	Zhang W Q, Chen S, Guo G H, et al. Study on plastic deformation mechanism of a fourth-generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy: In-situ SEM characterization and dislocation density-based model [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2025, A930: 148132
[134]	Yang X D, Zhang J B, Li W, et al. Research on the atomic-scale fracture mechanism of nickel-based superalloy DD6 at high temperature by a new in-situ technique in transmission electron microscopy [J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2024, 33: 8967 doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.11.194
[135]	Tréhorel R, Ribarik G, Schenk T, et al. Real-time study of transients during high-temperature creep of an Ni-base superalloy by far-field high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction [J]. J. Appl. Cryst., 2018, 51: 1274 doi: 10.1107/S1600576718010014
[136]	Bruno G, Schumacher G, Pinto H C, et al. Measurement of the lattice misfit of the nickel-base superalloy SC16 by high-energy synchrotron radiation [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2003, 34A: 193
[137]	Ge Z C, Xie G, Lu Y Z, et al. Influence of Ta on the intermediate temperature creep behavior of a single crystal superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022, A831: 142160
[138]	le Graverend J B, Jacques A, Cormier J, et al. Creep of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy during very high-temperature jumps followed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction [J]. Acta Mater., 2015, 84: 65 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.036
[139]	Jacques A, Bastie P. The evolution of the lattice parameter mismatch of a nickel-based superalloy during a high-temperature creep test [J]. Philos. Mag., 2003, 83: 3005 doi: 10.1080/1478643031000149108
[140]	Lu Y, Ma S, Majumdar B S. Elastic microstrains during tension and creep of superalloys: Results from in situ neutron diffraction [A]. Superalloys 2008 [M]. Champion, PA: TMS, 2008: 553
[141]	Strunz P, Schumacher G, Klingelhöffer H, et al. In situ observation of morphological changes of γ′ precipitates in a pre-deformed single-crystal Ni-base superalloy [J]. J. Appl. Cryst., 2011, 44: 935 doi: 10.1107/S0021889811028147
[142]	Ratel N, Bruno G, Demé B. In situ small-angle neutron scattering investigation of the γ′ precipitation and growth in the nickel-based single-crystal alloy SC16 [J]. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2005, 17: 7061 doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/17/43/022

[1]	XIANG Henggao, Song Weidong, JIA Luyi, QI Zhixiang, CHEN Yang, ZHOU Bing, ZHENG Gong, YING Pan, CHEN Guang. Fatigue Small Crack Behavior of TiAl Alloys[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(5): 721-732.
[2]	WU Xinqiang, TAN Jibo, ZHANG Ziyu, XUE Baoquan, KE Wei. Research Advance on Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Metallic Materials in High-Temperature Pressurized Water, Liquid Pb-Bi, and Marine Environments[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(5): 822-834.
[3]	ZHAO Xiao, XU Chao, JIANG He, YAO Zhihao, DONG Jianxin. Effect and Characterization of O Accumulation Degree on Fatigue Properties and Grain Boundary Damage in GH4738 Ni-Based Superalloy[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(2): 328-338.
[4]	GUO Shijia, LI Jianyue, YUAN Shengyun, LI Zhigang, YU Lianxu, ZHANG Yong. High-Temperature Oxidation Behaviors and γ' Phase Stability of a New Fourth-Generation Single Crystal Superalloy with Rare Earth[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(2): 351-362.
[5]	ZHANG Linjie, ZHANG Xujing, NING Jie. Research Progress on the High-Temperature Creep Properties of Molybdenum Alloy Welded Joints[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(1): 47-63.
[6]	QU Tie, XIE Yang, WANG Chongyang, LI Lixia, XU Xiajian, MAO Zhixu, LUO Wenze, HUANG Zhiquan, DENG Dean. Residual Stress in a 34CrNi1Mo/Q355B Dissimilar Steel Butt Joint and the Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Residual Stress[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(1): 203-216.
[7]	XU Xiaoyan, FANG Chao, QIU Jianke, ZHANG Mengmeng, SHI Donggang, MA Yingjie, LEI Jiafeng, YANG Rui. Influence of Peak Stress on Room Temperature Dwell Effect in Ti6242 Compressor Disc Forging[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(8): 1141-1152.
[8]	ZHOU Renyuan, ZHU Lihui. Formation of γ′-Denuded Zone and Its Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Inconel 740H Welded Joint After Creep at Different Temperatures[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(5): 744-756.
[9]	LI Xinyu, BAI Jiaming, ZHANG Haopeng, LI Xiaokun, JIA Jian, LIU Changsheng, LIU Jiantao, ZHANG Yiwen. Creep Behavior of Advanced Powder Metallurgy Nickel-Based Superalloys FGH4108 Under Different Stress Conditions[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(5): 757-769.
[10]	ZHANG Haopeng, BAI Jiaming, LI Xinyu, LI Xiaokun, JIA Jian, LIU Jiantao, ZHANG Yiwen. Effect of Hf and Ta on Creep Rupture Characteristics and Properties of Powder Metallurgy Ni-Based Superalloys[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(4): 583-596.
[11]	ZHOU Shengyu, HU Minghao, LI Chong, DING Haimin, GUO Qianying, LIU Yongchang. *Creep Behavior of a Ni-Based Superalloy with Strengthening of γ' and γ''* Phases**[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(2): 226-234.
[12]	WANG Qitao, LI Yanfen, ZHANG Jiarong, LI Yaozhi, FU Haiyang, LI Xinle, YAN Wei, SHAN Yiyin. Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 9Cr-ODS Steel as a Fusion Blanket Structural Material at Room Temperature[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(2): 323-335.
[13]	HAN Jing, SHAO Chenwei, QIU Zihao, ZHANG Zhenjun, ZHANG Zhefeng. Effect of Grain Size on Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of an Fe-Mn-Al-C Third Generation TWIP Steel[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(12): 1873-1883.
[14]	HAN Ying, WU Yuhang, ZHAO Chunlu, ZHANG Jingshi, LI Zhenmin, RAN Xu. High-Temperature Creep Behavior of Selective Laser Melting Manufactured Al-Si-Fe-Mn-Ni Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 154-164.
[15]	ZHANG Jingwen, YU Liming, LIU Chenxi, DING Ran, LIU Yongchang. Synergistic Strengthening of High-Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Application of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(6): 713-730.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed