Effect of Mn Pre-Partitioning on Bainite Transformation During Medium-Temperature Continuous Cooling of Medium Mn Steel

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00219

Acta Metall Sin

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (3): 477-488 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00219

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Effect of Mn Pre-Partitioning on Bainite Transformation During Medium-Temperature Continuous Cooling of Medium Mn Steel

ZHENG Qinyuan¹^,², LIU Peng¹, LU Yi¹^,², ZHU Hailong¹^,², ZHENG Chengwu¹^,²(

), LUAN Yikun¹, LI Dianzhong¹^,²(

)

^1.Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
^2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

ZHENG Qinyuan, LIU Peng, LU Yi, ZHU Hailong, ZHENG Chengwu, LUAN Yikun, LI Dianzhong. Effect of Mn Pre-Partitioning on Bainite Transformation During Medium-Temperature Continuous Cooling of Medium Mn Steel. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(3): 477-488.

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Abstract

In the development of third-generation advanced high-strength steels, achieving a balance between strength and ductility while minimizing alloying and production costs is critical. Among the promising candidates, medium Mn steels (MMnS) have the desired design flexibility for achieving a certain amount of metastable austenite, thereby exhibiting an enhanced transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. Owing to the weakened alloying effect in low-Mn content MMnS, more efforts should be devoted to enhancing the stability of austenite during intercritical annealing. This study explores the possibility of developing high-strength, high-ductile MMnS via continuous cooling from medium temperatures. A 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si (mass fraction, %) MMnS was selected to analyze the influence of Mn pre-partitioning on bainite transformation and the volume fraction of retained austenite in low-Mn content MMnS using various characterization methods, including SEM and EBSD, as well as mechanical property testing methods. The results indicate that the carbide-free bainite transformation occurring during the medium-temperature continuous cooling enables the acquisition of retained austenite in MMnS. Mn-rich austenite lamellae can be initially produced via Mn pre-partition during intercritical annealing. Subsequently, bainite transformation is restricted to occur within the undercooled austenite lamellae in the medium-temperature continuous cooling process, resulting in a refined multiphase microstructure comprising film-like retained austenite, bainitic ferrite, and intercritical ferrite. The volume fraction of retained austenite in low-Mn content MMnS substantially increases because of the enrichments of Mn and C from Mn pre-partition and bainite transformation, respectively, thereby enhancing the strength and ductility of MMnS.

Key words: medium Mn steel carbide-free bainite Mn partition retained austenite TRIP effect

Received: 02 August 2025

ZTFLH:

TG142

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52321001);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071322)

Corresponding Authors: ZHENG Chengwu, professor, Tel: (024)23971973, E-mail: cwzheng@imr.ac.cn;
LI Dianzhong, professor, Tel: (024)23971281, E-mail: dzli@imr.ac.cn

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	ZHENG Qinyuan
	LIU Peng
	LU Yi
	ZHU Hailong
	ZHENG Chengwu
	LUAN Yikun
	LI Dianzhong

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00219 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I3/477

Fig.1 Schematic of the continuous cooling process from medium temperature in medium Mn steel (A_e3—the highest temperature at which ferrite and austenite phases can coexist in equilibrium, A_e1—the lowest temperature at which ferrite, cementite, and austenite phases can coexist in equilibrium, $C ˙$ —cooling rate, T_s—start cooling temperature. PA—prior austeniting annealing, PI—prior intercritical annealing, CB—continuous cooling with bainite transformation)

Sample	Process	Pre-annealing process	CB
			T_s / ^oC	$C ˙$ / (^oC·s^-1)
PA-CB400-0.05	PA	Annealing at 850 ^oC for 10 min	400	0.05
PI-CB370-0.05	PI	Annealing at 780 ^oC for 10 min	370	0.05
PI-CB430-0.05			430	0.05
PI-CB400-0.05			400	0.05
PI-CB400-0.1			400	0.1
PI-CB400-0.2			400	0.2

Table 1 Samples of the 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si medium Mn steel (MMnS) heat-treated with various pre-annealing and continuous cooling processes

Fig.2 Dilatation curve (a), SEM image (b), EBSD-band contrast (BC) map overlapped with the phase map of austenite (c), and Mn distribution map (d) of the 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS austenitizing pre-annealed at 850 ^oC followed by continuous cooling from a medium temperature of 400 ^oC (ΔL—change in sample length, α_B—bainitic ferrite, α_M—martensite, γ—retained austenite. Inset in Fig.2a shows a magnified view of the dilatation infection due to bainite transformation during continuous cooling. The red arrows in Fig.2b point to the flak-like retained austenite that forms during the bainite transformation)

Fig.3 SEM images (a1-c1) and EBSD-BC maps overlapped with the phase maps of austenite (a2-c2) of the austenitizing pre-annealed 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS during the medium-temperature continuous cooling process when cooling to temperatures of 395 ^oC (a1, a2), 390 ^oC (b1, b2), and 370 ^oC (c1, c2)

Fig.4 Dilatation curve of the intercritically pre-annealed 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS during medium-temperature continuous cooling (a); SEM images (b1, b2), EBSD-BC maps overlapped with the phase maps of austenite (c1, c2) and Mn distribution maps (d1, d2) after intercritically pre-annealing (b1-d1) and after medium-temperature continuous cooling (b2-d2) (Inset in Fig.4a shows a magnified view of the dilatation infection due to bainite transformation during continuous cooling)

Fig.5 SEM images (a1-c1) and EBSD-BC maps overlapped with the phase maps of austenite (a2-c2) of the intercritically pre-annealed 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS during the medium-temperature continuous cooling process when cooling to temperatures of 395 ^oC (a1, a2), 390 ^oC (b1, b2), and 370 ^oC (c1, c2)

Fig.6 Engineering stress-strain curves (a) and strain-hardening rate (SHR) curves alongside true stress-strain curves (b) of the 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS pre-annealed at different temperatures followed by continuous cooling processing from the medium temperature of 400 ^oC

Fig.7 Dilatation curves (a), XRD patterns (b), and retained austenite (RA) volume fractions (c) of the intercritically pre-annealed 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS continuously cooled from different T_s at a cooling rate of 0.05 ^oC/s (The black arrow in Fig.7a marks the dilatation inflection resulted from the martensite transformation)

Fig.8 Engineering stress-strain curves (a) and mechanical properties (b) of the intercritically pre-annealed 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS continu-ously cooled from different T_s at a cooling rate of 0.05 ^oC/s (YS—yield strength, UTS—ultimate tensile strength, TE—total elongation)

Fig.9 Dilatation curves (a), XRD patterns (b) and RA volume fractions (c) of the intercritically pre-annealed 0.2C-3Mn-1.5Si MMnS continuously cooled from 400 ^oC at different cooling rates (The black arrow in Fig.9a marks the dilatation inflection resulted from the martensite transfor-mation)

Fig.10 Schematics of carbide-free bainite transformations during continuous cooling processing from a medium temperature in MMnS

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