贝氏体钢轨的低温疲劳裂纹扩展行为

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00383

金属学报

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (9): 1541-1552 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00383

研究论文

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

贝氏体钢轨的低温疲劳裂纹扩展行为

刘蓉, 高古辉(

), 桂晓露, 白秉哲

北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院北京 100044

Low-Temperature Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Bainitic Rail Steel

LIU Rong, GAO Guhui(

), GUI Xiaolu, BAI Bingzhe

School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China

引用本文:

刘蓉, 高古辉, 桂晓露, 白秉哲. 贝氏体钢轨的低温疲劳裂纹扩展行为[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(9): 1541-1552.
Rong LIU, Guhui GAO, Xiaolu GUI, Bingzhe BAI. Low-Temperature Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Bainitic Rail Steel[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(9): 1541-1552.

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摘要:

随着高寒地区铁路建设的不断推进，钢轨在低温环境下的疲劳性能引起了广泛关注。目前，许多研究聚焦高强度钢在常温下的疲劳性能，但对于贝氏体钢轨用钢的低温疲劳裂纹扩展行为，尤其是微观组织(特别是残余奥氏体)的影响机制，仍缺乏清晰的认识。本工作以热轧空冷处理的U20Mn2SiCrNiMo (简称U20Mn)贝氏体钢轨为研究对象，采用SEM、TEM、EBSD、XRD等手段对钢轨的显微组织进行了多尺度表征，研究了在室温(20~25 ℃)和-40 ℃下钢轨的常规力学性能与疲劳裂纹扩展行为。结果表明，热轧空冷处理贝氏体钢轨的显微组织以粒状贝氏体/马氏体复相组织为主，含有约10% (体积分数)的残余奥氏体。随着温度降低，钢轨的强度升高，而冲击韧性下降。疲劳裂纹扩展曲线与拟合的Paris公式表明，在一定应力强度因子范围内(8.0~18.0 MPa·m^1/2)，-40 ℃下钢轨具有更低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率；但疲劳断口观察结果表明，在-40 ℃时疲劳裂纹扩展呈现由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变的趋势。分析认为，低温条件下钢轨强度的升高、韧性的降低以及钢中残余奥氏体稳定性的变化三者协同影响是造成贝氏体钢轨低温疲劳裂纹扩展速率变化的内在原因。

关键词 ：贝氏体钢轨, 低温, 疲劳裂纹扩展, 微观组织, 残余奥氏体

Abstract：

Bainitic rail steels have been extensively studied as a solution to the considerable fatigue and wear issues experienced with conventional pearlitic rails. With railway constructions in high-cold regions, the effect of low temperatures on the fatigue performance of railways has garnered considerable attention. Despite several studies on the room-temperature fatigue performance of high-strength steels, the effect of the microstructure, particularly retained austenite (RA), on the low-temperature fatigue crack growth behavior in bainitic rail steels remains unclear. This study examined the low-temperature fatigue crack propagation behavior of U20Mn2SiCrNiMo (U20Mn) bainitic rail steel subjected to hot rolling and air cooling. The microstructure of the bainitic rail steel was characterized employing SEM, TEM, EBSD, and XRD. The conventional mechanical properties and fatigue crack propagation rate (da / dN; where a is the crack length and N is the number of stress cycles) were determined at room temperature (20-25 ^oC) and -40 ^oC. The results demonstrated that the U20Mn bainitic rail steel was primarily composed of a granular bainite/martensite multiphase structure, with approximately 10% (volume fraction) RA. A decrease in the experimental temperature increased the tensile and yield strengths of the U20Mn rail steel; however, its impact toughness decreased. The da / dNvs stress intensity factor (ΔK) curves for U20Mn rail steel at room temperature and -40 ^oC indicated that the fatigue crack propagation rate reduced at low temperatures within the ΔK range of 8.0-18.0 MPa·m^1/2. However, an examination of the fatigue fracture surface revealed a transition from ductile to brittle fractures at -40 ^oC. This indicates that the combined effects of the increased strength, decreased toughness, and changes in the stability of RA at low temperatures are the underlying factors responsible for the variation in the low-temperature fatigue crack propagation rate of bainitic rail steel.

Key words： bainite rail steel low temperature fatigue crack propagation microstructure retained austenite

收稿日期: 2024-11-12

ZTFLH:

TG142.1

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3703500)

通讯作者: 高古辉，gaogh@bjtu.edu.cn，主要从事先进钢铁材料研究

Corresponding author: GAO Guhui, professor, Tel: (010)51685495, E-mail: gaogh@bjtu.edu.cn

作者简介: 刘蓉，女，1990年生，博士

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00383 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I9/1541

图1 力学性能测试取样位置示意图

图2 疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试用紧凑拉伸(CT)试样示意图

图3 贝氏体钢轨母材显微组织的SEM和TEM观察

表1 贝氏体钢轨在室温和低温(-40 ℃)下的力学性能

图4 贝氏体钢轨在室温和-40 ℃下的工程应力-应变曲线

图5 贝氏体钢轨的冲击功(Akv)随温度的变化

图6 贝氏体钢轨在室温和-40 ℃下冲击断口形貌的SEM像

图7 贝氏体钢轨在室温和-40 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子范围(da / dN-ΔK)曲线

表2 贝氏体钢轨在不同温度下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的Paris方程

图8 不同ΔK时贝氏体钢轨在室温下疲劳断口形貌的SEM像

图9 不同∆K时贝氏体钢轨在-40 ℃下疲劳断口形貌的SEM像

图10 不同ΔK时贝氏体钢轨在室温下的疲劳裂纹扩展路径

图11 不同ΔK时贝氏体钢轨在-40 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展路径

图12 不同温度下贝氏体钢轨中残余奥氏体的体积分数随真应变的变化

图13 室温和-40 ℃时贝氏体钢轨的加工硬化曲线

图14 贝氏体钢轨疲劳断口近表层的残余奥氏体转变率随ΔK的变化

图15 温度对裂纹尖端循环塑性区半径(RCPZ)与相变诱导塑性发生区半径(RTRIP)影响的示意图

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