高<strong>Cr</strong>马氏体耐热钢的协同强化机制及形变热处理应用

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00488

金属学报

2024, Vol. 60

Issue (6): 713-730 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00488

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高Cr马氏体耐热钢的协同强化机制及形变热处理应用

张竟文, 余黎明, 刘晨曦, 丁然, 刘永长(

)

天津大学材料科学与工程学院水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室天津 300354

Synergistic Strengthening of High-Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Application of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments

ZHANG Jingwen, YU Liming, LIU Chenxi, DING Ran, LIU Yongchang(

)

State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China

引用本文:

张竟文, 余黎明, 刘晨曦, 丁然, 刘永长. 高Cr马氏体耐热钢的协同强化机制及形变热处理应用[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(6): 713-730.
Jingwen ZHANG, Liming YU, Chenxi LIU, Ran DING, Yongchang LIU. Synergistic Strengthening of High-Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Application of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2024, 60(6): 713-730.

全文: PDF(5491 KB) HTML

摘要:

高Cr (9%~12%，质量分数)马氏体耐热钢因其较高的热导率、较低的热膨胀系数以及优异的高温蠕变强度等优点而被认为是超超临界火电机组关键设备升级改造的主选材料。然而，服役过程中高Cr马氏体耐热钢高温蠕变强度的不断弱化严重影响了其安全可靠性。以往提升高Cr马氏体耐热钢高温蠕变强度的主要手段是通过合金成分优化设计来促进沉淀相弥散析出，但单一析出强化效应对蠕变强度的提升效果非常有限。近年来，位错-沉淀相-界面协同强化效应在提升高Cr马氏体耐热钢高温蠕变性能方面表现出显著效果。其原理是通过形变热处理引入位错来促进多种沉淀相弥散析出，同时通过控制相变来细化板条组织，增强位错、沉淀相及界面3者之间的交互作用，从而实现多类蠕变强化效应的协同提升。本文总结了高Cr马氏体耐热钢的协同强化机制及形变热处理组织调控，从高温蠕变强度提升角度回顾了合金成分的优化历程，阐述了热处理过程中的相变行为及高温组织退化机理，对比分析了单一析出强化效应及形变热处理后位错-沉淀相-界面协同强化效应对其高温蠕变强度的影响规律，并基于焊接接头蠕变失效行为探索了形变热处理对焊接热影响区的组织调控机制，以期为高Cr马氏体耐热钢及其他火电机组用沉淀型强化耐热钢的材料设计及工程应用提供指导。

关键词 ：高Cr马氏体耐热钢, 高温蠕变强度, 协同强化, 形变热处理, 组织调控

Abstract：

By virtue of their high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient, and excellent high-temperature creep strength, high-Cr (mass fraction: 9%-12%) martensitic heat-resistant steels are the putative main constituents of the key equipment in ultra-supercritical (USC) power plants. However, the harsh environment caused by enhancing the steam parameters has recently challenged the high-temperature properties and the continually deteriorating creep strength during service has seriously threatened the safety and reliability of these steels. Previously, the creep strength of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels was enhanced by optimizing the alloying compositions to promote the dispersed precipitation of strengthening phases, but the enhancement effect of reinforced single-precipitate strengthening is limited. In recent years, synergistic strengthening reinforcement of dislocation-precipitate-interface has emerged as a promising solution because the introduced dislocations promote various precipitations and the phase transformation can be controlled to tailor the lath structure, thus reinforcing the dislocation-precipitate-interface interactions and synergistically enhancing various strengthening effects. This paper overviews the synergistic strengthening of dislocation-precipitate-interface and microstructure control in high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels subjected to thermo-mechanical treatments. The review covers alloying optimization to improve the creep strength, the phase transformations during heating treatments, and the mechanism of microstructural degradation at high temperatures. It also compares the effects of single-precipitate and synergistic strengthening processes on creep strength and introduces microstructure control in welded joints by thermo-mechanical treatments in terms of creep failure behaviors. This research aims to guide the design and engineering applications of high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steels and other precipitate-strengthening heat-resistant steels for USC power plants.

Key words： high-Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel high-temperature creep strength synergistic strengthening thermo-mechanical treatment microstructure control

收稿日期: 2023-12-15

ZTFLH:

TG142.1

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52034004);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3705300)

通讯作者: 刘永长，ycliu@tju.edu.cn，主要从事金属成形与加工研究;

Corresponding author: LIU Yongchang, professor, Tel: (022)85356410, E-mail: ycliu@tju.edu.cn

作者简介: 张竟文，男，1993年生，博士

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图1 高Cr马氏体耐热钢微观组织特征[11]及协同强化机制

图2 高Cr马氏体耐热钢工业应用正火+回火热处理工艺及冷却速率对板条组织的影响[44]

图3 高Cr马氏体耐热钢蠕变/时效过程中的沉淀相粗化和溶解行为[49,52]

图4 高Cr马氏体耐热钢蠕变过程中的位错及板条结构回复行为

图5 可实现位错-蠕变沉淀-界面协同强化效应的形变热处理示意图及冷变形对板条组织的影响

图6 高温蠕变过程中初始态及20%冷轧态G115钢中富Cu相与位错之间的交互作用，及45%冷轧态G115钢中的位错胞结构及蠕变过程中沉淀相的快速粗化[75]

图7 能够实现位错-回火沉淀-界面协同强化效应的形变热处理工艺示意图

图8 初始态和20%冷轧态G115钢回火不同时间后沉淀相与位错之间的交互作用及650℃、160 MPa下的蠕变应变-时间曲线[11]

图9 初始态和形变热处理(TMT)态9Cr马氏体耐热钢中的MX相分布[85]及初始态和TMT态403Nb马氏体耐热钢中的板条组织[88]

图10 高Cr马氏体耐热钢焊接热循环中细晶热影响区(FGHAZ)中形成的均匀细晶结构[94]和裂纹[53]、临界热影响区(ICHAZ)中具有硬度差异的晶粒异质及由此引发的蠕变界面裂纹[111]

图11 高Cr马氏体耐热钢焊接过程中FGHAZ中元素偏聚引发的M23C6相不均匀分布及蠕变裂纹[112]

图12 高Cr马氏体耐热钢焊接热影响区形变热处理组织调控工艺示意图

图13 初始态和形变热处理后G115钢Gleeble热模拟FGHAZ中的元素分布及第二相再析出行为[119]

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