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Acta Metall Sin  2018, Vol. 54 Issue (9): 1311-1321    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2017.00521
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Galvanic Series of Metals and Effect of Alloy Compositions on Corrosion Resistance in Sanya Seawater
Mindong CHEN1, Fan ZHANG1, Zhiyong LIU1, Chaohui YANG2, Guoqing DING2, Xiaogang LI1,3()
1 Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Ministry of Education, Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2 Qingdao Marine Corrosion Research Institute, Central Iron & Steel Research Insititute, Qingdao 266071, China;
3 Ningbo Institute of Material Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China;
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Mindong CHEN, Fan ZHANG, Zhiyong LIU, Chaohui YANG, Guoqing DING, Xiaogang LI. Galvanic Series of Metals and Effect of Alloy Compositions on Corrosion Resistance in Sanya Seawater. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(9): 1311-1321.

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Abstract  

With the development of ocean engineering, various metallic materials have been applied to the marine environment. It is an urgent requirement to study the galvanic series and alloy composition optimization of metallic materials in the tropical marine environment. In this work, open circuit potentials (OCP) and galvanic series of 36 kinds of metallic materials in Sanya seawater were studied. By considering the response of OCP to tidal changes, the anti-corrosion effects of alloying elements were also analyzed. The results show that the OCP of metallic materials in Sanya seawater has a large range. The galvanic series order of metallic materials from high to low in Sanya seawater is: nickel alloy, duplex stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel and pure copper, ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, copper alloy, low alloy steel, carbon steel, cast iron, aluminum alloy and aluminum anode. Low-carbon high-alloy content carbon steel and high Cr, Ni contents stainless steel have higher OCP. The potential fluctuations of carbon steel with tidal changes involves two phases: (1) under the dynamics control, the OCP of carbon steel is more negative at high tide; (2) under the diffusion control, the OCP is more positive at high tide. The potential fluctuations of metallic materials reflect the effect of the corrosion product film on the change of ionization balance, and metals with less potential fluctuations have better inhibition on ion diffusion. In Sanya seawater, the carbon steel, which has more alloying content and less carbon content, has less potential fluctuations with the tidal changes and has good oxygen diffusion resistance. The potential fluctuations of austenitic stainless steel with tidal changes are less than that of ferritic stainless steel and martensitic stainless steel. After 2700 h immersion, austenitic stainless steel and martensitic stainless steel, which have a higher content of Mo, have more stable OCP. In other words, the corrosion film gets a better corrosion resistance. The OCP of aluminum anode in Sanya seawater environment increases when the oxygen content is brought up. The OCP of Zn-containing or Ga-containing aluminum anode remains relatively stable. Al bronze and T2 copper have less potential fluctuations with tidal changes, and perform good corrosion resistance in Sanya seawater.
Key words:  metallic material      Sanya seawater environment      galvanic series      alloy composition      tide     
Received:  06 December 2017     
ZTFLH:  TG172.5  
Fund: Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (No.2014CB643300) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFB0300604)
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Mindong CHEN
Fan ZHANG
Zhiyong LIU
Chaohui YANG
Guoqing DING
Xiaogang LI

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2017.00521     OR     https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2018/V54/I9/1311

Material C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Cu Others Fe
HT200 4.13 1.60 1.01 0.092 0.045 - - - - Bal.
QT500 3.95 1.62 0.16 0.072 0.014 - - - - Bal.
Q235 0.16 0.096 0.32 0.024 0.0086 0.015 0.042 0.050 Mo 0.042; Al 0.021 Bal.
Pure Q235 0.042 0.18 0.35 0.008 0.0030 - - - Al 0.029 Bal.
Q345B 0.17 0.22 0.88 0.018 0.0050 - - - Al 0.023 Bal.
D36 0.072 0.14 1.22 0.012 0.0034 - - - Nb 0.015; Ti 0.018; Al 0.039 Bal.
Q345DZ35 0.10 0.28 1.42 0.010 0.0020 - - - - Bal.
Q450NQR1 0.070 0.33 1.04 0.017 0.0079 0.13 0.62 0.26 Nb 0.026; Ti 0.017; Al 0.029 Bal.
921 0.12 0.33 0.37 0.080 0.040 2.72 1.05 - Mo 0.24; V 0.080 Bal.
X70 0.067 0.18 1.54 0.013 0.0027 - 0.21 - Mo 0.058; Al 0.038; Bal.
Nb 0.063; Ti 0.018
X80 0.040 0.30 1.79 0.013 0.0010 - 0.025 - - Bal.
E460 0.060 0.17 1.50 0.014 0.0020 0.40 0.25 0.26 Mo 0.20; Ti 0.012; Bal.
Nb 0.020; Al 0.026
E690 0.11 0.29 1.12 0.013 0.0030 0.41 0.46 0.27 Mo 0.41; Ti 0.019; B 0.015; Bal.
V 0.030; Al 0.036
Super fine grain 0.097 0.26 1.64 0.010 0.0060 - - 0.20 V 0.067; Nb 0.048; Bal.
steel 1 Ti 0.017; N 0.0040
Super fine grain 0.091 0.21 0.40 0.013 0.016 - - 0.040 N 0.0028 Bal.
steel 2
Micro-alloy steel 0.064 0.22 1.18 0.008 0.0050 - - 0.32 V 0.049; Nb 0.035; Bal.
Ti 0.014; N 0.033
Table 1  Compositions of tested cast iron, carbon steel and low alloy steel (mass fraction / %)
Material C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo Others Fe
PH13-8Mo 0.041 0.055 - 0.0053 0.0016 8.50 12.56 2.31 Al 1.21 Bal.
15-5PH 0.033 0.43 0.51 0.0060 0.0020 4.61 14.37 0.26 N 0.035; Al 0.0030 Bal.
304 0.049 0.30 0.92 0.028 0.0030 8.27 18.19 0.20 V 0.040 Bal.
316L 0.022 0.69 0.97 0.028 0.0030 10.03 16.28 2.16 - Bal.
317L 0.048 0.33 1.18 0.036 0.0018 8.21 18.34 0.063 N 0.048 Bal.
Cr-Mn-N stainless steel 0.026 0.58 4.69 0.023 0.0057 1.31 21.03 0.010 N 0.23; Al 0.011 Bal.
444 0.010 0.22 0.060 0.013 0.0010 0.10 17.82 1.88 Nb 0.21; Ti 0.16; Bal.
N 0.011
2205 0.023 0.34 0.96 0.025 0.0010 5.18 22.54 3.18 N 0.15 Bal.
Table 2  Compositions of tested stainless steel (mass fraction / %)
Material Zn Si Fe Mn In Mg Cu Cr Ga Bi Al
1100 0.0070 0.063 0.29 0.14 - - 0.011 - - - Bal.
5052 0.040 0.090 0.28 0.040 - 2.57 0.050 0.20 - - Bal.
5083 0.010 0.10 0.33 0.68 - 4.34 0.004 0.086 - - Bal.
AlZnGaSi 2.64 0.30 0.056 - - - - - 3.20 - Bal.
AlZnInBiSi 0.46 0.30 0.067 - 0.012 - - - - 0.55 Bal.
AlZnInSi 5.32 0.054 0.096 - 0.024 - - - - - Bal.
Table 3  Compositions of tested aluminium alloy and aluminium anode (mass fraction / %)
Material Zn Fe Mn Al Ni Cu
T2 - - - - - 99.98
Al bronze - 0.042 1.84 8.89 - Bal.
HAl77-2 21.53 0.020 - 1.98 - Bal.
B10 0.0066 1.65 0.90 - 10.25 Bal.
Table 4  Compositions of tested copper alloy (mass fraction / %)
Material C Si Mn S Cr Mo Fe W Co Ni
N06625 0.0500 0.170 0.012 0.0014 21.63 9.54 - - - Bal.
N10276 0.0092 0.027 0.380 0.0015 16.00 17.00 5.69 3.58 0.50 Bal.
Table 5  Compositions of tested nickel alloy (mass fraction / %)
Fig.1  Tidal level changes in Sanya during the test period (t—time)
Fig.2  Open circuit potential (OCP) changes of cast iron, carbon steel (a) and low alloy steel (b) in Sanya seawater (E—OCP vs Ag/AgCl solid electrode; measurement frequency: once per hour)
Fig.3  Tidal changes and OCP fluctuations of carbon steel and low alloy steel in Sanya seawater
Fig.4  OCP changes of stainless steel in Sanya seawater (M—martensitic stainless steel; A—austenitic stainless steel; D—duplex stainless steel; F—ferritic stainless steel)
Fig.5  Tidal changes and OCP fluctuations of stainless steel in Sanya seawater
Fig.6  OCP changes of aluminum alloy (a) and aluminum anode (b) in Sanya seawater
Fig.7  Tidal changes and OCP fluctuations of aluminum alloy and aluminum anode in Sanya seawater
Fig.8  OCP changes of copper alloy and nickel alloy in Sanya seawater
Fig.9  Tidal changes and OCP fluctuations of copper alloy and nickel alloy in Sanya seawater
Fig.10  Galvanic series of thirty-six kinds of metallic materials in Sanya seawater (Ecorr—OCP range after stable rust layer/passive film forming on metal surface; total test time: 2880 h)
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