Natural bamboo fiber possesses excellent mechanical properties due to its unique microstructure, providing valuable inspiration for the configurational design of reinforcement in metal matrix composites. To address the typical high-strength but low-ductility characteristics of discontinuously reinforced titanium matrix composites, TiB/Ti composites with a bamboo-fiber-inspired architecture were successfully fabricated in this work. Comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of the fiber-like structure with those of their uniform counterpart revealed that the fiber-like arrangement of TiB whiskers was important in mechanical behaviors and fracture mechanisms of the composites. At the same TiB volume fraction, the fiber-like structured TiB/Ti composite maintained the tensile strength comparable to that of the composite with uniformly distributed TiB whiskers, while achieving a fracture elongation of 19.1%. The high strength was mainly attributed to the high load-bearing efficiency of the fiber-like distributed TiB whiskers and the grain-refinement strengthening induced by the reinforcements. Meanwhile, the continuous Ti matrix region synergistically enhanced the strain-hardening rate and improved the plastic deformation capability of the composites. During the coordinated deformation of the continuous Ti matrix and the fiber-like structure, these matrix regions effectively blunted and deflected cracks, thereby further improving the toughness of the composite.