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Acta Metall Sin  2025, Vol. 61 Issue (9): 1320-1334    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00489
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Corrosion Behavior of ODS FeCrAl Alloys Containing Zr Exposed to Lead-Bismuth Eutectic at 550 oC
ZHANG Xiaochen1,2, LI Jing1,3(), LI Changji4, XIONG Liangyin1,3, LIU Shi1,3
1 Shi -changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
3 CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
4 Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metals Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
Cite this article: 

ZHANG Xiaochen, LI Jing, LI Changji, XIONG Liangyin, LIU Shi. Corrosion Behavior of ODS FeCrAl Alloys Containing Zr Exposed to Lead-Bismuth Eutectic at 550 oC. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(9): 1320-1334.

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Abstract  

Lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) is one of the most promising reactor types among the six reactor concepts outlined in the Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. Lead-bismuth eutectics (LBEs) are often used as coolants for LFRs because of their excellent economy and safety. However, structural materials are eroded by high-density LBEs at high temperatures. The compatibility between LBE and structural materials is a key problem that must be urgently solved for the development and application of LFRs. Due to the pinning of dislocations and grain boundaries as well as capture of displaced atoms and helium bubbles by oxide nanoparticles, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys exhibit outstanding high-temperature mechanical properties and swelling resistance under irradiation. Fe-based ODS alloys have emerged as candidates for cladding tubes and structural materials in advanced reactors. A protective alumina scale can be formed on the alloy surface by adding Al to ODS alloys, which prevents the further penetration of LBEs into the alloy substrate. However, Y-Al-O complex-oxide nanoparticles with a slightly larger size compared to Y-Ti-O complex nanoparticles (in ODS FeCr alloy) are also formed in the alloy, leading to a slight decrease in the high-temperature strength of ODS FeCrAl alloys. It is known that adding a small amount of Zr to ODS FeCrAl alloys is an effective strategy to compensate for the decrease of mechanical properties caused by the coarseness of oxide nanoparticles, as numerous small-sized Y-Zr-O complex nanoparticles would preferentially precipitate instead of Y-Al-O complex nanoparticles. Thus far, studies on the corrosion behavior and corresponding mechanism of ODS FeCrAl alloys containing Zr in LBEs have been scarce. In this work, ODS FeCrAl alloys containing Zr were prepared via powder metallurgy. After the alloys were corroded by an oxygen-saturated static liquid LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h, its corrosion products were characterized by SEM, XRD, and EPMA. The effects of Zr, Ti, Al, and O contents on the corrosion resistance of ODS FeCrAl alloys were studied. Due to the combination of Zr and O and its interference with the outward diffusion of Al at the initial stage of oxidation, no continuous, protective aluminum oxide scale was formed on the surface of the ODS FeCrAl alloys. The corrosion products were mainly composed of thin alumina scale and multilayer oxide nodules, and no peeling of oxidation products was observed on any of the specimens. Further, it was revealed that the outer layer of these oxide nodules was composed of Fe3O4 with a magnetite phase, the inner layer was composed of spinel FeCr2O4 and Fe(Cr, Al)2O4, and the internal oxidation zone (IOZ) contained the oxide of Al and Cr. In addition, the distribution and morphology of oxide nodules were also affected by the contents of Ti, Al, and O in the alloys. With an increase in O content, high-density Y-Zr-O complex nanoparticles precipitated in the ODS FeCrAl alloys containing Zr, which led to a reduction in the content of residual Zr in the substrate. Consequently, the Zr content, which adversely affected the formation of alumina scale, was reduced, and the quantity, thickness, and surface transverse dimension of oxide nodules decreased. Introducing Ti into the ODS FeCrAl alloys containing Zr was also found to be unfavorable to the formation of the alumina scale as its impact on corrosion behavior was similar to that of Zr. With the addition of Ti, an increased number of oxide nodules were formed on the surface of Zr-containing ODS FeCrAl alloys. Because the addition of (4.0%-5.5%)Al does not prevent the formation of Fe-rich oxide nodules on the ODS FeCrAl alloys containing approximately 0.3%Zr, it is necessary to further increase the Al content in the matrix to obtain a continuous alumina scale.

Key words:  ODS FeCrAl alloy containing Zr      Pb-Bi corrosion      Ti addition      O content      Al content     
Received:  15 December 2023     
ZTFLH:  TG174  
Fund: Research Fund of Nuclear Materials of China Atomic Energy Authority(ICNM-2023-YZ-03)
Corresponding Authors:  LI Jing, professor, Tel: (024)83970760, E-mail: jingli@imr.ac.cn

URL: 

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00489     OR     https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2025/V61/I9/1320

AlloyCrWAlTiZrYOEx.OFe
CAZ-113.481.695.30-0.310.360.120.023Bal.
CAZ-213.581.695.28-0.310.360.240.143Bal.
CAZ-313.511.705.230.350.300.370.230.130Bal.
CAZ-413.991.814.110.330.280.350.100.006Bal.
CAZ-513.991.814.180.350.290.340.230.138Bal.
Table 1  Chemical compositions of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys
Fig.1  TEM bright field images (a1-e1) and corresponding particle size distributions (a2-e2) of oxide nanoparticles in ODS FeCrAl alloys containing Zr
(a1, a2) CAZ-1 (b1, b2) CAZ-2 (c1, c2) CAZ-3 (d1, d2) CAZ-4 (e1, e2) CAZ-5
Fig.2  OM images parallel to the axial of ODS FeCrAl alloy containing Zr
(a) CAZ-1 (b) CAZ-2 (c) CAZ-3 (d) CAZ-4 (e) CAZ-5
Alloy

d

nm

ρv

1022 m-3

Quantitative percentage of oxide nanoparticles with different components / %
Y4Al2O9YTiO3Y2TiO5Y4Zr3O12Y2Zr2O7YZrO3ZrO2
CAZ-18.872.6723.40033.36.736.60
CAZ-26.623.894.10054.2041.70
CAZ-36.894.002.6017.146.329.14.90
CAZ-47.841.6028.67.1050.17.107.1
CAZ-57.243.034.2022.230.629.113.90
Table 2  Characteristics of oxide nanoparticles for ODS FeCrAl alloys containing Zr
Fig.3  Surface SEM images and EDS analyses of CAZ-2 alloy exposed to oxygen-saturated lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 550 oC for 10000 h (wm—mass fraction, wa—atomic fraction)
(a) morphology at low magnification (b, c) morphologies of different oxides at high magnification and corresponding EDS results
Fig.4  Surface SEM images and EDS analyses of CAZ-3 alloy exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
(a) morphology at low magnification (b, c) morphologies of different oxides at high magnification and corresponding EDS results
Fig.5  Cross-sectional SEM images of corrosion products (a, c) and EDS line scanning results of basal oxide along line 1 in Fig.5a (b) and line 2 in Fig.5c (d) on CAZ-2 (a, b) and CAZ-3 (c, d) alloys exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h (Insets in Figs.5a and c show the locally enlarged images. IOZ—internal oxidation zone)
Fig.6  EPMA elemental mapping results of cross-section of oxide nodules on CAZ-2 (a) and CAZ-3 (b) alloys exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
Fig.7  XRD spectra of ODS FeCrAl alloys exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
Fig.8  Surface (a, c) and cross-sectional (b, d) SEM images of oxide products on CAZ-3 (a, b) and CAZ-5 (c, d) alloys exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
Fig.9  EPMA elemental mapping results of cross-section of oxide nodules on CAZ-5 alloy exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
Fig.10  Surface (a) and cross-sectional (b) SEM images of oxide products, and SEM image and corresponding EDS mapping results of oxide nodules (c) on CAZ-1 alloy exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
Fig.11  Surface (a, c) and cross-sectional (b, d) SEM images of oxide products on CAZ-4 (a, b) and CAZ-5 (c, d) alloys exposed to oxygen-saturated LBE at 550 oC for 10000 h
Fig.12  Schematics of corrosion mechanism of ODS FeCrAl alloy containing Zr
(a) alloying elements and O diffusing outward and inward at the initial stage of oxidation
(b) Zr preferentially binding to O concomitant with blocking Al and O binding
(c) Fe oxides nucleation assisted by Zr and O binding
(d) formation of Fe oxide nodules and continuance of internal oxidation
Fig.13  Statistical results of average surface transverse dimension and average thickness (a), number density (b) for oxide nodules on the five alloys
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