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金属学报  2026, Vol. 62 Issue (1): 100-116    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00233
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固相摩擦增材制造技术研究进展及其应用现状
刘海滨1, 张迎星1, 谢瑞山1,2, 陈树君1()
1 北京工业大学 机械与能源工程学院 北京 100124
2 北京工业大学 重庆研究院 重庆 401121
Recent Research Progress in Solid-State Friction-Based Additive Manufacturing Technology and Its Current Applications
LIU Haibin1, ZHANG Yingxing1, XIE Ruishan1,2, CHEN Shujun1()
1 College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2 Chongqing Research Institute of Beijing University of Technology, Chongqing 401121, China
引用本文:

刘海滨, 张迎星, 谢瑞山, 陈树君. 固相摩擦增材制造技术研究进展及其应用现状[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(1): 100-116.
Haibin LIU, Yingxing ZHANG, Ruishan XIE, Shujun CHEN. Recent Research Progress in Solid-State Friction-Based Additive Manufacturing Technology and Its Current Applications[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(1): 100-116.

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摘要: 

金属增材制造技术凭借快速制备复杂轻量化结构的优势,在工业领域备受青睐。然而,熔融类金属增材制造技术易产生成分偏析、内部孔洞及热裂纹等缺陷,促使研究者开发新型替代技术。近年来,基于搅拌摩擦原理的固相摩擦增材制造技术应运而生。该技术结合了搅拌摩擦技术与增材制造理念,在加工过程中完全避免了材料熔化,兼具高沉积速率、无需保护气体等优势,在金属结构件制造领域展现出广阔的应用前景。本文系统梳理了固相摩擦增材制造技术的国内外研究进展,概述了其技术分类、工艺-组织-性能、技术优势、装备研发、样件制备及固相修复应用。最后,总结了当前面临的技术挑战,为推动该技术的产业化应用提供参考。

关键词 固相摩擦增材制造技术复杂构件应用现状固相修复    
Abstract

Metal additive manufacturing is highly valued in the industrial field due to its ability to rapidly produce complex lightweight structures. However, molten metal additive manufacturing technologies are prone to defects such as compositional segregation, internal holes, and thermal cracks, which has driven researchers to develop alternative approaches. In recent years, solid-state friction-based additive manufacturing, derived from the principle of friction stir welding, has attracted considerable attention. This technology combines friction stir welding with the additive manufacturing concept and offers several advantages, including the avoidance of material melting during processing, high deposition rates, and the elimination of the need for protective gas. These advantages suggest broad application prospects for this technology in the field of metal structural parts manufacturing. This study systematically reviews the progress of solid-state friction-based additive manufacturing technology, domestically and internationally, outlining its technical classification, process-microstructure-property relationships, technological advantages, equipment development, sample fabrication, and solid-state repair applications. Finally, the study summarizes the current challenges faced by the process and explores its future development potential, aiming to promote the industrialization of solid-state friction-based additive manufacturing technology and to serve as a reference for further research and applications.

Key wordssolid-state friction-based additive manufacturing technology    complex component    application status    solid-state repair
收稿日期: 2025-08-14     
ZTFLH:  TG439.8  
基金资助:国防基础研究项目(JCKY2022405C002);国家自然科学基金项目(52275299);国家自然科学基金项目(52105313);航空科学基金项目(20240011075001);重庆市自然科学基金项目(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0701)
通讯作者: 陈树君,sjchen@bjut.edu.cn,主要从事焊接工艺及智能装备领域的研究
作者简介: 刘海滨,男,1964年生,教授,博士
图1  金属增材制造技术分类
图2  基于搅拌摩擦的增材制造技术(FSAM)技术示意图[23]
图3  摩擦表面沉积增材制造(FSDAM)技术加工过程示意图
图4  搅拌摩擦沉积增材制造(AFSD)工艺示意图
图5  摩擦挤压沉积增材制造(AFED)原理及应用
图6  摩擦螺杆挤出增材制造(FSEAM)工艺概述[48]
图7  摩擦辊压增材制造(FRAM)工艺示意图
图8  AFSD沉积过程中晶粒演变图[83],FRAM沉积过程中原料和沉积后XZ、YZ、XY平面的晶粒分布[84]
图9  FRAM、预热FRAM (P-FRAM)和预热-水冷辅助FRAM (PC-FRAM)三种工艺沉积试样在yz平面上的硬度测试结果[62]
图10  7075和FRAM制备7075-TiC样品的拉伸性能[1]
Type of materialAlloy
Aluminum alloy1XXX, 2XXX[19,44,54,55,84,92,93], 4XXX[49,58], 5XXX[24,33,41,56,90], 6XXX[19,48,59,94], 7XXX[1,25,69,94,95]
Magnesium alloyAZ31[8,52,96], WE43[27]
Copper alloyPure copper[18], Cu-Cr-Zr[17]
Titanium alloyTi-6V-4Al[45]
SteelH13[34], carbon steel[38,71], 304[97,98], 316L[35,40]
Nickel alloyInconel625[26,42], Inconel718[81]
Metal matrix compositesAluminum-based[1,24,31,32,43,51]
表1  固相摩擦增材制造技术的工艺适用材料

Process

type

Feedstock

material

AdvantageLimitationPotential engineering application

FSAM

Sheet

Low equipment requirements, broadens alloy selectionRequires specialized fixtures; “hook-shaped” defects cause weak interlayer bondingLarge structural components (e.g., aerospace skins, ship hulls), large-sized plate or wall-shaped parts

FSDAM

Rod

Good interlayer bonding, no filler material requiredRaw material requires repeated clamping; unbound zones exist at boundariesFabrication of functionally graded materials

AFSD

Rod/

sheet/chips

High material applicability, wide material selection

Complex tools and high equipment requirements; heavily reliant on specific machine toolsAircraft fuselage panels with rib stiffeners, dissimilar metal joining, large annular aluminum alloy components

AFED

Rod

Continuous additive capability, high deposition rateHigh manufacturing/maintenance costsReuse of powder or recycled materials; manufacturing of small-sized, complex geometry parts
FSEAMWire/chipsContinuous additive capability, low downward forceWire can be fed continuously; chips require remeltingRemanufacturing using powder or scrap materials

FRAM

Wire/

sheet

Continuous additive capability, high material utilization, low downward force

Tools require customization

Large complex components; repair of vertical plate defects in high-rib panels
表2  不同固相摩擦增材制造的技术特点
图11  国内外研发的固相摩擦搅拌增材设备:航天工程装备(苏州)有限公司的多功能固相复合增材设备[6],MELD公司(美国)的固相增材设备[100],美国陆军开发的FSAM设备[6],FSAM 850搅拌摩擦增材制造设备[10],立式加工中心FRAM 1165设备,FRAM 2213龙门加工设备,固相摩擦挤压AFSD设备[6],及全球最大的AFSD装备[6]
图12  猎户座载人飞船主要结构的部件示意图,FSAM工艺生产的实验装置,机载地板部件,及压力容器上的合金加强环[5]
图13  MELD公司使用AFSD制造的样件[100]
图14  利用FRAM技术制备的多种典型构件:单壁构件、铝合金圆柱体[54]、U型样件、十字交叉样件、C型样件、大型圆环构件、铝/钢异质结构[57]及高筋板壁板样品[93]
图15  变径结构、半球壳体和法兰环结构,及送粉式搅拌摩擦增材装置和制备的合金部件[106]
图16  修复领域的应用:多种缺陷形式修复示意图[58]、孔洞结构修复[100]及薄壁板修复[93]
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