Mechanical Property of Shell Minimal Surface Lattice Material Printed by SEBM

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00291

Acta Metall Sin

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (7): 871-879 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00291

Research paper

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Mechanical Property of Shell Minimal Surface Lattice Material Printed by SEBM

FAN Yongxia, WANG Jian, ZHANG Xuezhe, WANG Jianzhong, TANG Huiping(

)

State Key Laboratory of Porous Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China

Cite this article:

FAN Yongxia, WANG Jian, ZHANG Xuezhe, WANG Jianzhong, TANG Huiping. Mechanical Property of Shell Minimal Surface Lattice Material Printed by SEBM. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(7): 871-879.

Download:

HTML

PDF(15992KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Lightweight and strong lattice materials are suitable for a wide range of applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, shipbuilding, and a variety of other significant industries. A class of mathematically defined surfaces that exhibit three-dimensional (3D) periodicity, zero mean curvature, and large surface area is the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS). Inspired by natural systems, such as biological cubic membranes, sea urchins, and butterfly wing scales, TPMS lattice material is composed of continuous and smooth shells, allowing for decreased stress concentration by comparison with strut-based lattice material. In this study, strut-based lattice materials, namely octet-truss (O) and tetrakaidecahedral (T), shell-based lattice materials, namely Diamond (D); Gyroid (G); and I-WP (I), and Primitive (P) lattice materials, were rationally designed and manufactured using Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder by selective electron beam melting (SEBM) process. The discrepancies between the design and manufactured diameters or thicknesses, optical microstructures, and mechanical properties of these lattice materials have been defined in detail. The results showed that the variations between the design and manufactured diameter or thickness of SEBM manufactured lattice materials were smaller than the value of the electron beam spot diameter, showing good geometric consistency with the original computer-aided design models. Due to the high thermal gradients and rapid cooling rates observed in the SEBM process, the resulting microstructure of lattice materials was columnar prior β grains, which were parallel to the build direction, where inside the columnar β grains were α + β and martensite α' platelets. The key finding is that TPMS lattice materials exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to strut-based lattice materials in compressive strength, elastic modulus, and plasticity, owning to their smooth and continuous surface. Among the SEBM manufactured shell-based lattice materials, the mechanical properties of type D lattice materials perform best. Moreover, the specific compressive strength of SEBM manufactured shell-based lattice materials reached 146.9 MPa/(g·cm^-3), which is much higher than that of strut-based lattice materials with 119.6 MPa/(g·cm^-3) in the same relative density. These properties make TPMS or shell-based lattice materials potential candidates to be applied as parts in aerospace and/or biomedical industries.

Key words: triply periodic minimal surface selective electron beam melting Ti-6Al-4V lattice material

Received: 06 August 2020

ZTFLH:

TG146.2

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51829401、51627805)

About author: TANG Huiping, professor, Tel: (029)86268498, E-mail: hptang@c-nin.com

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	Yongxia FAN
	Jian WANG
	Xuezhe ZHANG
	Jianzhong WANG
	Huiping TANG

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00291 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2021/V57/I7/871

Fig.1 Cells of different structures (O and T are strut-based structures while D, G, I, and P are shell-based triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures)

Fig.2 Macrostructures of Ti-6Al-4V lattice material manufactured by selective electron beam melting (SEBM)

Fig.3 SEM images of the SEBM manufactured Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattice material (For arrowed sample, the arrow shows the building direction while for the arrow-free samples, building direction is perpendicular to the image plane)

Table 1 Designed, printed morphological parameters and the compressive mechanical properties of SEBM manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice material

Fig.4 Low (a) and high (b) magnified OM images of SEBM manufactued Ti-6Al-4V type D TPMS lattice material (The arrows show the building directions)

Fig.5 Typical stress-strain curve of SEBM manufactured Ti-6Al-4V type D TPMS lattice material

Fig.6 Comparisons of compressive properties between laser selective melting (SLM) and SEBM manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice materials

1	Zhang X Z, Leary M, Tang H P, et al. Selective electron beam manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures for orthopedic implant applications: Current status and outstanding challenges [J]. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2018, 22: 75
2	Schoen A H. Infinite Periodic Minimal Surfaces without Self-Intersections [M]. Washington, DC: NASA, 1970: 30
3	Schwarz H A. Gesammelte Mathematische Abhandlungen [M]. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 1890: 6
4	Han S C, Choi J M, Liu G, et al. A microscopic shell structure with schwarz's D-surface [J]. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7: 13405
5	Giannitelli S M, Accoto D, Trombetta M, et al. Current trends in the design of scaffolds for computer-aided tissue engineering [J]. Acta Biomater., 2014, 10: 580
6	Yánez A, Herrera A, Martel O, et al. Compressive behaviour of gyroid lattice structures for human cancellous bone implant applications [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, C68: 445
7	Yánez A, Cuadrado A, Martel O, et al. Gyroid porous titanium structures: A versatile solution to be used as scaffolds in bone defect reconstruction [J]. Mater. Des., 2018, 140: 21
8	Ataee A, Li Y C, Fraser D, et al. Anisotropic Ti-6Al-4V gyroid scaffolds manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM) for bone implant applications [J]. Mater. Des., 2018, 137: 345
9	Challis V J, Xu X X, Zhang L C, et al. High specific strength and stiffness structures produced using selective laser melting [J]. Mater. Des., 2014, 63: 783
10	Yan C Z, Hao L, Hussein A, et al. Ti-6Al-4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting [J]. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2015, 51: 61
11	Yan C Z, Hao L, Hussein A, et al. Microstructural and surface modifications and hydroxyapatite coating of Ti-6Al-4V triply periodic minimal surface lattices fabricated by selective laser melting [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, C75: 1515
12	Kadkhodapour J, Montazerian H, Darabi A C, et al. The relationships between deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of additively manufactured porous biomaterials [J]. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2017, 70: 28
13	Bobbert F S L, Lietaert K, Eftekhari A A, et al. Additively manufactured metallic porous biomaterials based on minimal surfaces: A unique combination of topological, mechanical, and mass transport properties [J]. Acta Biomater., 2017, 53: 572
14	Gibson I, Rosen D W, Stucker B. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing [M]. Boston, MA: Springer, 2010: 1
15	Tang H P, Wang J, Lu S L, et al. Research progress in selective electron beam melting [J]. Mater. China, 2015, 34: 225
	汤慧萍, 王建, 逯圣路等. 电子束选区熔化成形技术研究进展 [J]. 中国材料进展, 2015, 34: 225
16	Tang H P, Yang G Y, Liu H Y, et al. Study on biomedical porous Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by electron beam selective melting [J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2014, 43: 127
	汤慧萍, 杨广宇, 刘海彦等. 电子束选区熔化制备医用多孔钛合金研究 [J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2014, 43: 127
17	Tang H P, Qian M, Liu N, et al. Effect of powder reuse times on additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V by selective electron beam melting [J]. JOM, 2015, 67: 555
18	Horn T J, Harrysson O L A, Marcellin-Little D J, et al. Flexural properties of Ti6Al4V rhombic dodecahedron open cellular structures fabricated with electron beam melting [J]. Addit. Manuf., 2014, 1-4: 2
19	Yang K, Wang J, Jia L, et al. Additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures with high structural integrity under large compressive deformation [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35: 303
20	Mazur M, Leary M, Sun S J, et al. Deformation and failure behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) [J]. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 84: 1391
21	Yavari S A, Ahmadi S M, Wauthle R, et al. Relationship between unit cell type and porosity and the fatigue behavior of selective laser melted meta-biomaterials [J]. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2015, 43: 91
22	Taniguchi N, Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M, et al. Effect of pore size on bone ingrowth into porous titanium implants fabricated by additive manufacturing: An in vivo experiment [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, C59: 690
23	Wauthle R, Vrancken B, Beynaerts B, et al. Effects of build orientation and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V lattice structures [J]. Addit. Manuf., 2015, 5: 77
24	Yavari S A, Wauthle R, van der Stok J, et al. Fatigue behavior of porous biomaterials manufactured using selective laser melting [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2013, C33: 4849
25	van der Stok J, van der Jagt O P, Yavari S A, et al. Selective laser melting-produced porous titanium scaffolds regenerate bone in critical size cortical bone defects [J]. J. Orthop. Res., 2013, 31: 792
26	Van Bael S, Chai Y C, Truscello S, et al. The effect of pore geometry on the in vitro biological behavior of human periosteum-derived cells seeded on selective laser-melted Ti6Al4V bone scaffolds [J]. Acta Biomater., 2012, 8: 2824
27	Arabnejad S, Johnston R B, Pura J A, et al. High-strength porous biomaterials for bone replacement: A strategy to assess the interplay between cell morphology, mechanical properties, bone ingrowth and manufacturing constraints [J]. Acta Biomater., 2016, 30: 345
28	Van Bael S, Kerckhofs G, Moesen M, et al. Micro-CT-based improvement of geometrical and mechanical controllability of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V porous structures [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2011, A528: 7423
29	Peng W M, Liu Y F, Jiang X F, et al. Bionic mechanical design and 3D printing of novel porous Ti6Al4V implants for biomedical applications [J]. J. Zhejiang Univ., Sci., 2019, 20B: 647
30	Sun Y L, Kang H L, Lin K S, et al. Evaluation of mechanical properties and osteogenesis ability of porous titanium alloy scaffolds manufactured by selective laser melting technique [J]. Orthop. Biomech. Mater. Clin. Study., 2019, 16(2): 1
	孙允龙, 康红磊, 林坷升等. 基于选区激光熔融技术制备的多孔钛合金支架的力学性能及成骨能力评价 [J]. 生物骨科材料与临床研究, 2019, 16(2): 1
31	Liang H X, Yang Y W, Xie D Q, et al. Trabecular-like Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds for orthopedic: Fabrication by selective laser melting and in vitro biocompatibility [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35: 1284
32	Zhao L, Pei X, Jiang L H, et al. Bionic design and 3D printing of porous titanium alloy scaffolds for bone tissue repair [J]. Composites, 2019, 162B: 154
33	Molinari A, Klarin J, Johansson F, et al. Mechanical properties of porous structures produced by selective laser melting of a Ti6Al4V alloy powder [J]. J. Japan Soc. Powder Powder Metall., 2018, 65: 481
34	Raghavendra S, Molinari A, Fontanari V, et al. Tensile and compression properties of variously arranged porous Ti-6Al-4V additively manufactured structures via SLM [J]. Procedia Struct. Integr., 2018, 13: 149
35	Zhang M K, Yang Y Q, Wang D, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V gradient structures manufactured by selective laser melting [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, A736: 288
36	Onal E, Frith J E, Jurg M, et al. Mechanical properties and in vitro behavior of additively manufactured and functionally graded Ti6Al4V porous scaffolds [J]. Metals, 2018, 8: 200
37	Ahmadi S M, Campoli G, Yavari S A, et al. Mechanical behavior of regular open-cell porous biomaterials made of diamond lattice unit cells [J]. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2014, 34: 106
38	Ahmadi S M, Yavari S A, Wauthle R, et al. Additively manufactured open-cell porous biomaterials made from six different space-filling unit cells: The mechanical and morphological properties [J]. Materials, 2015, 8: 1871
39	Hedayati R, Sadighi M, Mohammadi-Aghdam M, et al. Mechanical behavior of additively manufactured porous biomaterials made from truncated cuboctahedron unit cells [J]. Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2016, 106: 19
40	Liu F, Mao Z F, Zhang P, et al. Functionally graded porous scaffolds in multiple patterns: New design method, physical and mechanical properties [J]. Mater. Des., 2018, 160: 849
41	Zhang B Q, Pei X, Zhou C C, et al. The biomimetic design and 3D printing of customized mechanical properties porous Ti6Al4V scaffold for load-bearing bone reconstruction [J]. Mater. Des., 2018, 152: 30
42	Chen S Y, Huang J C, Pan C T, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell porous Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by selective laser melting [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 713: 248
43	Wang Y, Chen J M, Yuan Y P. Influence of the unit cell geometrical parameter to the mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V open-porous scaffolds manufactured by selective laser melting [J]. Appl. Mech. Mater., 2016, 851: 201
44	Sercombe T B, Xu X X, Challis V J, et al. Failure modes in high strength and stiffness to weight scaffolds produced by Selective Laser Melting [J]. Mater. Des., 2015, 67: 501
45	Chen J K, Wu M W, Cheng T L, et al. Continuous compression behaviors of selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V alloy with cuboctahedron cellular structures [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, C100: 781
46	Feng C D, Xia Y, Li X, et al. Micro-pore structure and mechanical properties of porous titanium scaffold using 3D print technology [J]. J. Med. Biomech., 2017, 32: 256
	冯辰栋, 夏宇, 李祥等. 3D打印多孔钛支架微观孔隙结构和力学性能 [J]. 医用生物力学, 2017, 32: 256

[1]	SUN Jia, LI Xuexiong, ZHANG Jinhu, WANG Gang, YANG Mei, WANG Hao, XU Dongsheng. Phase Field Modeling of Formation Mechanism of Grain Boundary Allotriomorph in β→α Phase Transformation in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2020, 56(8): 1113-1122.
[2]	Jiang XU, Xike BAO, Shuyun JIANG. In Vitro Corrosion Resistance of Ta₂N Nanocrystalline Coating in Simulated Body Fluids[J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54(3): 443-456.
[3]	Peng JIN,Ran SUI,Fuxiang LI,Weiyuan YU,Qiaoli LIN. Reactive Wetting of TC4 Titanium Alloy by Molten 6061 Al and 4043 Al Alloys[J]. 金属学报, 2017, 53(4): 479-486.
[4]	Xiaolong LIU,Chengqi SUN,Yantian ZHOU,Youshi HONG. EFFECTS OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND STRESS RATIO ON HIGH-CYCLE AND VERY-HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY[J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52(8): 923-930.
[5]	Jinhu ZHANG,Dongsheng XU,Yunzhi WANG,Rui YANG. INFLUENCES OF DISLOCATIONS ON NUCLEATION AND MICRO-TEXTURE FORMATION OFα PHASE IN Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY[J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52(8): 905-915.
[6]	Lina ZHU,Caiyan DENG,Dongpo WANG,Shengsun HU. EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON VERY HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY[J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52(5): 583-591.
[7]	GONG Bo; LAI Zuhan (Northeast University of Technology; Shenyang); NIINOMI Mitsuo; KOBAYASHI Toshiro (Toyohashi University of Technology; Japan). IMPROVEMENT IN TENSILE PROPERTIES OF α+β TYPE Ti ALLOYS BY HYDROGEN TREATMENT[J]. 金属学报, 1992, 28(10): 11-14.
[8]	XU Zhensheng;GONG Bo;ZHANG Caibei;LAI Zuhan Northeast University of Technology; Shenyang. EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ON HIGH TEMPERATUREPLASTICITY OF Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY[J]. 金属学报, 1991, 27(4): 26-29.
[9]	ZHAO Linruo;ZHANG Shaoqing;YAN Minggao Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials Lab. NoA; Beijing Institute of Aeronauticol Materials;Beijing 100095. SLIP SYSTEMS AND DISLOCATION DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS IN α-PHASE OF SUPERPLASTICALLY DEFORMED Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY[J]. 金属学报, 1990, 26(1): 26-31.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed