Research Status, Challenges, and Countermeasures of Biodegradable Zinc-Based Vascular Stents
QIAN Yi1,2, YUAN Guangyin1()
1.National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 2.Department of Vascular and Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
Cite this article:
QIAN Yi, YUAN Guangyin. Research Status, Challenges, and Countermeasures of Biodegradable Zinc-Based Vascular Stents. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(3): 272-282.
Human body can absorb and degrade Zn. Among the biodegradable metals of Mg, Zn, and Fe, the degradation rate of Zn is the most suitable for the clinical requirements of vascular stents. Zinc ion is an essential nutrient in human body; it participates in the metabolic activities of more than 200 enzymes. Zn promotes and maintains the integrity of vascular endothelium and inhibits the progress of artery atherosclerosis, making it naturally advantageous as a vascular stent material. This review systematically summarizes the research in the field of biodegradable zinc-based vascular stents based on recent studies conducted by the author's research team. In addition, this review introduces and discusses the research background, status, and challenges as well as the countermeasures of the challenges and prospects for the future development of biodegradable Zn-based vascular stents. It is expected that the comments and itemized strategies for solving the identified challenges in this review can inspire related researchers to perform research studies in associated fields in China.
Fund: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0115400);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51971134);Interdisciplinary Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China(ZH2018ZDA34)
Fig.1 The ideal model between the mechanical integrity and degradation of biodegradable scaffold during the vascular healing process[21]
Alloy
Preparation process
In vitro (immersion test)
In vivo
Ref.
mm·a-1
mm·a-1
Zn
As-drawn
0.012 (45 d)
[4]
0.05 (180 d)
Zn-0.8Cu
As-extruded & as-drawn
0.016 (180 d)
[5]
Zn-Li
As-drawn
0.08 (60 d)
[26]
0.046 (12 months)
Zn
As-extruded
0.022
SBF (20 d)
[27]
Zn-Mg
As-extruded
0.084
Hank's (14 d)
[28]
Zn-Ag
As-extruded
0.015
Hank's (28 d)
[29]
Zn-Cu
As-extruded
0.033
SBF (20 d)
[27]
Zn-Ca
As-rolled
0.089
Hank's (14 d)
[30]
Zn-Sr
As-rolled
0.098
Hank's (14 d)
[30]
Zn-0.05Zr
As-extruded
0.014
Hank's (28 d)
[29]
Zn-3Cu-0.1Mg
As-extruded
0.022
Hank's (20 d)
[31]
Zn-3Cu-1Mg
As-extruded
0.043
Hank's (20 d)
[31]
Zn-3Cu-0.5Fe
As-extruded
0.064
SBF (20 d)
[32]
Zn-3Cu-1Fe
As-extruded
0.069
SBF (20 d)
[32]
Zn-0.35Mn-0.41Cu
As-rolled
0.050
SBF (14 d)
[33]
Zn-0.75Mn-0.40Cu
As-rolled
0.065
SBF (14 d)
[33]
Zn-1.5Mg-0.1Mn
As-cast
0.080
Hank's (30 d)
[34]
0.065
Hank's (90 d)
Zn-Mg-0.1Mn
As-rolled
0.115
Hank's (30 d)
[34]
0.070
Hank's (90 d)
Zn-Mg-Ca
As-extruded
0.090
Hank's (56 d)
[35]
Zn-Mg-Sr
As-extruded
0.095
Hank's (56 d)
[35]
Zn-Ca-Sr
As-extruded
0.109
Hank's (56 d)
[35]
Zn-Ag-0.05Zr
As-extruded
0.017
Hank's (28 d)
[29]
Table 1 In vivo and in vitro degradation rate of degradable Zn-based alloy[4,5,26-35]
Fig.2 Test results reported about self-ageing performance of medical zinc alloys at room temperature (a)[37] compared with those of degradable Zn-Cu alloys developed by our research team (b) (Fig.2a shows that the tensile elongation of the Zn-Mg alloy[37] was 30% when it was newly made, and dropped sharply to 4% after one year's storage at room temperature, indicating obvious self-ageing characteristics. While the patent Zn-Cu alloy developed by our team showed almost the same tensile elongation of 58% after 20 months' storage at room temperature, showing excellent anti-ageing and deformability)
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