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金属学报  2020, Vol. 56 Issue (4): 523-538    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00370
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钢铁耐磨材料研究进展
魏世忠1(),徐流杰2()
1.河南科技大学金属材料磨损控制与成型技术国家地方联合工程研究中心 洛阳 471003
2.河南科技大学摩擦学与材料防护教育部工程研究中心 洛阳 471003
Review on Research Progress of Steel and Iron Wear-Resistant Materials
WEI Shizhong1(),XU Liujie2()
1.National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
2.Engineering Research Center of Tribology & Materials Protection, Ministry of Education，Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
引用本文:

魏世忠, 徐流杰. 钢铁耐磨材料研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2020, 56(4): 523-538.
Shizhong WEI, Liujie XU. Review on Research Progress of Steel and Iron Wear-Resistant Materials[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2020, 56(4): 523-538.

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摘要: 

本文介绍了钢铁耐磨材料的发展历史，重点综述了高锰钢、高铬铸铁、高钒高速钢3类典型耐磨材料的成分、显微组织、磨损性能、抗磨机理和改性技术。以高锰钢为代表的耐磨钢依靠高强韧性的基体抵抗磨损，而以高铬铸铁和高钒高速钢为代表的耐磨合金主要依靠高硬度的耐磨相抵抗磨损，高钒高速钢比高铬铸铁具有更优良的耐磨性，与VC硬度高、形态好的特性有关。提出了高性能耐磨材料应具备3个要素：高强韧基体，高硬度多尺度协同作用的优质耐磨相，耐磨相与基体良好结合。
关键词 ： 钢铁耐磨材料,  研究进展,  展望    
Abstract：

In this paper, the development history of iron and steel wear-resistant materials is introduced, and the composition, microstructure, wear property, antiwear mechanism and modification technology of three typical wear resistant materials, namely high manganese steel, high chromium cast iron and high vanadium high-speed steel, are mainly reviewed. The wear-resistant steel represented by high manganese steel relies on the matrix with high strength and toughness to resist wear, while the wear-resistant alloy represented by high chromium cast iron and high vanadium high-speed steel mainly relies on the wear-resistant phase with high hardness to resist wear. High vanadium high speed steel has better wear resistance than high chromium cast iron, which is related to VC characteristics with high hardness and good shape. It is proposed that high performance wear-resistant materials should have three elements: high strength and toughness matrix, multi-scale synergistic action of high quality wear-resistant phase with high hardness and good morphology, as well as good bonding interface between wear-resistant phase and matrix.
Key words： steel and iron wear-resistant material    research progress    prospect
收稿日期: 2019-11-04     
ZTFLH:  TG141  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(51171060);长江学者和创新团队发展计划项目(IRT1234)
作者简介: 魏世忠，男，1966年生，教授，博士
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00370      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2020/V56/I4/523

图1  高锰钢的典型显微组织[11]
图2  18Mn钢900 ℃压缩70%、保温3 min后吹气快速冷却组织取向成像[12]
图3  不同压缩变形量下高锰钢显微组织的TEM像及其电子衍射花样[19]
图4  高铬铸铁的典型显微组织[51]
Type ofTwo-body wear propertyThree-body wear property
abrasive
SiC (2600 HV)Austenite is beneficial to improve wear resistanceAustenite is beneficial to improve wear resistance
Martensite is not conducive to improving wear resistanceMartensite is not conducive to improving wear resistance
The increase of carbide can increase the wear resistance slightly

The increase of carbide decreases the wear resistance

Garnet (1360 HV)

Austenite is not conducive to improving wear resistanceAustenite is not conducive to improving wear resistance
Martensite is beneficial to improve wear resistanceMartensite is beneficial to improve wear resistance
The increase of carbide can increase the wear resistance significantlyThe increase of carbide can increase the wear resistance significantly
表1  不同磨料磨损条件实验结果[52]
Type of abrasive

Size of carbide<abrasive size

Size of carbide>abrasive size

Hard abrasive

Significant decrease in wear resistance, increasing carbide size can improve wear resistanceWear resistance decreases greatly under higher stress conditions, proper control of carbide size can improve wear resistance

Soft abrasive

Wear resistance decreases under high stress, increasing carbide size can improve wear resistance

Increasing the amount of carbide can improve the wear resistance
表2  碳化物尺寸效应对高铬铸铁耐磨性的影响[61]
CSiCrMoWVNbFeRef.
1.2~2.6<1.04.0~12.03.6~6.53.5~6.53.5~6.5-Bal.[103]
2.0-5~73~43~45~6-Bal.[104]
1.6~2.00.3~1.04~84~61.5~2.53~50.5~1.5Bal.[105]
2-5258-Bal.[106]
1.40.263.922.830.753.34Bal.[107]
2.980.654.252.959.80Bal.[108]
表3  高钒高速钢化学成分[103,104,105,106,107,108] (mass fraction / %)
图5  Fe-5Cr-V-C、Fe-15Cr-V-C及Fe-5Cr-5W-5Mo-V-C 液相面投影图[109]
图6  (Fe-5Cr-5Mo-5W-2C)-V准二元相图[111]
图7  (Fe-5Cr-2Mo-9V)-C 的准二元相图[112]
图8  等奥氏体曲线[108]
图9  残余奥氏体、硬度与淬火温度、回火温度之间的关系模型[117]
图10  滚滑动磨损条件下磨损正切面照片[113]
图11  高钒高速钢显微组织[113]
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