铝脱氧钢与CaO-MgO-Al2O3 精炼渣反应动力学研究
Kinetic Study of Interaction Between Aluminum Deoxidized Steel and CaO-MgO-Al2O3 Refining Slag
通讯作者: 张立峰,zhanglifeng@ncut.edu.cn,主要从事钢中非金属夹杂物与冶金过程数值模拟研究;任 英,yingren@ustb.edu.cn,主要从事钢中非金属夹杂物控制研究
责任编辑: 肖素红
收稿日期: 2024-01-17 修回日期: 2024-07-18
| 基金资助: |
|
Corresponding authors: ZHANG Lifeng, professor, Tel:
Received: 2024-01-17 Revised: 2024-07-18
| Fund supported: |
|
作者简介 About authors
王博辰,男,2000生,硕士生
为了研究CaO-MgO-Al2O3精炼渣对钢中Al2O3夹杂物的改性作用,本工作建立了精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料耦合动力学模型,研究了钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对渣-钢反应中夹杂物改性的影响。结果表明,进入钢液与夹杂物中的Ca含量与钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值呈正相关;随着钢中Al含量从0.01%增加至0.75%,钢液中Ca含量从0.07 × 10-6增加至1.47 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.44%增加至7.89%;随着渣中CaO / Al2O3比值从1.0增加至2.2,钢液中Ca含量从0.15 × 10-6增加至0.50 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.88%增加至2.95%;当钢中Al含量为0.8%且CaO / Al2O3比值为2.2时,钢液中总钙量为2.52 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量可达到10.96%。CaO-MgO-Al2O3精炼渣可以将钢中Al2O3夹杂物改性为CaO-Al2O3系夹杂物,其改性程度主要与钢中Al含量有关。
关键词:
This research introduces a coupled dynamic model, which involves refining slag, molten steel, inclusions, and refractory materials, to explore the modification effects of CaO-MgO-Al2O3 refining slag on Al2O3 inclusions within steel. The study examines the impact of varying aluminum contents in steel and CaO / Al2O3 ratios in slag on inclusion modification. Notably, the Ca content in both steel and inclusions exhibits a positive correlation with the Al content in steel and the CaO / Al2O3 ratio in the slag. An increase in the Al content in steel from 0.01% to 0.75% led to a rise in the Ca content in the molten steel from 0.07 × 10-6 to 1.47 × 10-6, accompanied by an increase in the CaO content in inclusions from 0.44% to 7.89%. Additionally, elevating the CaO / Al2O3 ratio in the slag from 1.0 to 2.2 enhanced the Ca content in the molten steel from 0.15 × 10-6 to 0.50 × 10-6 and increased the CaO content in inclusions from 0.88% to 2.95%. When the Al content in the steel reached 0.8% and the CaO / Al2O3 ratio in the slag stood at 2.2, the total Ca content in the steel escalated to 2.52 × 10-6, while the CaO content in inclusions surged to 10.96%. These results affirm that CaO-MgO-Al2O3 refining slag is capable of effectively transforming Al2O3 inclusions into CaO-Al2O3 inclusions, with the modification extent predominantly influenced by the Al content in the steel.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
王博辰, 任英, 邝霜, 单庆林, 潘宏伟, 路博勋, 石晓伟, 王举金, 张立峰.
WANG Bochen, REN Ying, KUANG Shuang, SHAN Qinglin, PAN Hongwei, LU Boxun, SHI Xiaowei, WANG Jujin, ZHANG Lifeng.
大量学者通过实验研究了不同条件下精炼渣与铝脱氧钢反应过程中元素的传递及夹杂物的改性。例如,Liu等[19]研究了钢中分别含有0.25%、0.75%和2.0% (质量分数,下同)的Al与饱和含MgO渣的反应,Mu等[20]也通过实验研究了Al含量分别为0.1%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%时的渣-钢反应过程,Yu等[21]研究了Al含量分别为0.035%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的高锰钢与精炼渣反应过程的不同。以上研究均表明,增加钢液中Al含量可以提高进入钢液及夹杂物的Ca和Mg含量。改变精炼渣组成对反应过程也存在一定的影响,部分研究[3,13,22~28]发现提高精炼渣中CaO / SiO2和CaO / Al2O3的比值,有助于渣中Mg和Ca进入钢液并对夹杂物进行改性。此外,实验中用到的坩埚也会向钢液进行传质[27,29~32],由于其接触面积相比于渣-钢界面更大,因此耐火材料对于渣-钢反应的影响不可忽略。但通过有限的实验手段仅可以发现各影响因素对渣-钢反应过程中元素传质的影响趋势,很难确定钢中Al对渣中CaO还原的临界条件,因此有必要构建精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料动力学模型,确定渣-钢反应过程中精炼渣对Al2O3夹杂物改性的定量影响。
针对该渣-钢反应过程,已有研究[26,27,33~37]通过建立多相耦合动力学模型对实验结果进行预测。Harada等[35,36]在双膜理论基础上建立了多相耦合动力学模型,并计算了Al加入量对渣-钢反应的影响。Kim等[24]对工业试验结果进行验证,并计算了渣在不同碱度下夹杂物改性的结果。Shin等[38,39]提出并使用有效平衡区概念建立了多相动力学模型,计算了渣中SiO2含量对渣-钢反应的影响。Zhang等[26]在实验的基础之上建立了多相耦合动力学模型,并计算了夹杂物尺寸、精炼渣中CaO / Al2O3比值和渣量对渣-钢反应的影响,随后将动力学分析与钢包内流体流动相结合,构建了动力学模型,计算炉渣碱度、气体流量以及夹杂物粒径对系统成分的影响[37]。综上可知,由于在精炼渣与铝镇静钢反应过程中钢液中Al会逐渐将精炼渣中的元素还原至钢液并对夹杂物进行改性,精炼渣组成和钢液中Al含量会对反应过程产生较大影响,实验与计算的结果也证明了这一点。有较多研究关注了渣-钢反应过程中Mg元素的传质以探究MgO·Al2O3夹杂物的形成,但对反应过程中Ca元素的传质以及夹杂物改性的研究较少,而在实际冶炼过程中,Ca元素进入钢液后会将高熔点夹杂物改性成低熔点钙铝酸盐夹杂物,可以在一定程度上减少水口结瘤的发生,提高钢液洁净度。因此,探究渣-钢反应过程的工况对Ca元素传质的影响对现场生产具有一定的指导意义。
本工作在双膜理论的基础上,结合共存理论构建了精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料动力学模型,在对实验结果验证的基础上,研究钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对渣-钢反应过程中Ca进入钢液并改性夹杂物的影响。
1 动力学模型原理及验证
图1
图1
精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料反应动力学模型示意图
Fig.1
Schematic of the kinetic model of refining slag-molten steel-inclusion-refractory reactions ([%M]—concentration of element M in the steel melt; [%M]
式中,ΔGθ 为标准Gibbs自由能,J/mol;T为热力学温度,K。
1.1 界面化学反应
| Element | Mg | Al | O | Ca |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg | -0.12 | -460 | 0 | |
| Al | -0.13 | 80.5 / T | 3.21 - 9720 / T | -0.047 |
| O | -300 | 1.96 - 5750 / T | 0.76 - 1750 / T | -515 |
| Ca | 0 | -0.072 | -1293 | 0 |
Note:T—temperature
式中,ΔG为Gibbs自由能,J/mol;R为理想气体常数,J/(mol·K);
本模型中的渣系为CaO-MgO-Al2O3,渣中组元Mx O y 的活度根据离子和分子共存理论进行计算[33,34]。根据共存理论,渣相由简单组元与复杂组元构成,简单组元与复杂组元之间存在化学平衡,表2[43]列出了复杂组元及其
表2
CaO-MgO-Al2O3渣系中的组元及其标准Gibbs自由能(
Table 2
| Compound | ||
|---|---|---|
| a | b | |
| 3CaO·Al2O3 | -21757 | -29.288 |
| 12CaO·7 Al2O3 | 617977 | -612.119 |
| CaO·Al2O3 | 59413 | -59.413 |
| CaO·2Al2O3 | -16736 | -25.522 |
| CaO·6Al2O3 | -22954 | -31.798 |
| MgO·Al2O3 | -18828 | -6.276 |
Note:a and b—coefficients
式中,
式中,
假设界面处传质属于稳态传质,则界面处无物质堆积,传质过程中元素M存在物质平衡,则有
1.2 边界层传质
由于本体和界面处组元浓度存在梯度,因此会存在一定的传质行为。在钢-渣/耐材界面处,钢液侧和渣侧的质量传递可以用
式中,Vm为钢液的体积,m3;Vs为渣的体积,m3;A为两相的接触面积,m2;t为时间,s;n'为钢液中夹杂物个数;kM(inc)和
1.3 夹杂物上浮
在该模型中考虑了夹杂物的上浮行为,在静止钢液中,一般认为静止钢液中夹杂物的上浮速率服从Stocks定律。夹杂物上浮行为会引起夹杂物浓度发生变化,其数量变化为[48]:
式中,nj为夹杂物个数;As为渣-钢接触面积,m2。
图2所示为动力学模型计算过程。计算过程发现,时间步长在2 s以内时对结果的影响较小,因此计算中选取1 s为时间步长。将初始条件输入模型,首先根据钢-渣界面两侧参数求解界面组元含量,再计算一个时间步长内传质对钢液及渣组分的影响,随后计算更新成分后的钢液与耐火材料之间的界面含量,再次更新钢液成分;之后计算钢液-夹杂物界面含量并更新其本体成分;最后计算夹杂物上浮行为对夹杂物数量的影响,计算直至时间达到设定计算结束时间tend。整个计算程序由Python编写完成。
图2
图2
动力学模型计算过程示意图
Fig.2
Schematic of the kinetic model calculation process (t—time, tend—calculated end time)
2 动力学模型验证
Liu等[19]研究了CaO-MgO-Al2O3渣系在不同Al含量下的渣-钢反应过程中钢液、渣及夹杂物成分的变化,本工作针对该文献中Al含量为0.25%的实验组进行验证。通过对文献[19]数据的收集,得到初始钢液中Al含量和O含量为0.25%和80 × 10-6,初始渣成分为55CaO-15MgO-30Al2O3,计算中使用的钢中元素的溶解含量由FactSage7.1软件中Equilib模块计算得出,钢液初始溶解铝和溶解氧含量分别为0.2411%和6.344 × 10-6。当前模型假定初始夹杂物全部为球状Al2O3夹杂物,其个数可由钢中总氧量(T.O,溶解氧含量+夹杂物中氧含量)和计算得到的溶解氧含量求得,其粒径为文献[19]中该实验组夹杂物尺寸的平均值。计算过程中所使用的参数数值为[19]:温度为1873 K;夹杂物平均粒径为3.76 μm;夹杂物和渣的密度分别为7000和3000 kg/m3;钢和渣的质量分别为140和13 g;坩埚直径为40 mm;钢液黏度为0.067 Pa·s。
图3为钢液中T.O、总镁量(T.Mg)、总钙量(T.Ca)和夹杂物含量的模型计算结果与实验结果[19]的对比。从图3a可见,由于本工作模型未考虑夹杂物的聚合长大行为,冶炼初期夹杂物粒径较小,上浮去除速率较慢,因此初期T.O的计算结果较高,但在冶炼末期计算结果与实验测量值[19]具有较好的吻合性。从图3b可见,随着反应的进行,由于夹杂物中MgO的含量增加,此时夹杂物的上浮行为对T.Mg影响较大,因此T.Mg的计算结果呈现随时间延长先上升后下降的趋势。从图3c可见,随时间延长T.Ca保持增加趋势,后期计算结果与实验结果[19]有较好的吻合性。从图3d可见,模型计算结果显示初始夹杂物数量较多,转化速率较慢,在4800 s转化为MgO夹杂物,与实验结果[19]吻合。综上可以认为本工作模型计算结果与实际测量结果基本吻合。
图3
3 钢-渣反应过程中成分变化预测
为探究渣-钢反应过程中Ca进入钢液并改性夹杂物的行为,利用本工作模型计算了不同钢液成分及渣成分对钢液和夹杂物成分变化的影响。分别计算了改变钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值条件下各组元的变化过程。图4为不同Al含量下钢液中T.Mg、T.Ca以及夹杂物中MgO、CaO含量的演变趋势。钢液中的Al含量对渣-钢反应过程具有较大的影响,随着Al含量增加,渣中的Mg、Ca元素更易进入钢液,因此钢液中T.Mg和T.Ca均有增加的趋势。当Al含量从0.01%提升至0.75%时,进入钢液的Ca含量从0.07 × 10-6提升至1.47 × 10-6,夹杂物中的CaO含量从0.44%提升至7.89%。Al的存在会加快Al2O3夹杂物改性为MgO·Al2O3,并且在Al含量较高时,Al2O3夹杂物会先改性为MgO·Al2O3,再随着冶炼进行转变为CaO·MgO·Al2O3,这与实验现象[19]吻合。
图4
图4
不同Al含量下钢液中T.Mg、T.Ca及夹杂物中MgO和CaO含量的变化
Fig.4
Variations of T.Mg in molten steel (a), T.Ca in molten steel (b), MgO content in inclusion (c), and CaO content in inclusion (d) under different Al contents in steel ([%Al] represents mass fraction of Al)
图5为渣中CaO / Al2O3比值不同时钢液中T.Ca与夹杂物中CaO含量变化。随着CaO / Al2O3比值的增加,Ca更易进入钢液以及夹杂物中,这是因为随着CaO / Al2O3比值的增加渣中CaO的活度会变大,界面处的Ca含量也会增大,因此更多的Ca通过渣-钢反应进入钢液。当CaO / Al2O3比值从1.0提升至2.2时,进入钢液的Ca含量从0.15 × 10-6提升至0.50 × 10-6,但夹杂物中的CaO含量并没有较大的涨幅,仅从0.88%增加至2.95%。这是因为此时钢液中大量存在的Mg不断进入夹杂物,抑制了Ca的进入。相比之下可以发现,Ca进入钢液并对夹杂物改性的程度主要取决于钢中Al含量。
图5
图5
渣中不同CaO / Al2O3比值下钢液中T.Ca和夹杂物中CaO含量的变化
Fig.5
Variations of T.Ca in molten steel (a) and CaO content in inclusion (b) under different CaO / Al2O3 ratios in slag
图6为钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对反应8000 s时钢中T.Ca、夹杂物中CaO含量以及钢液中溶解氧活度的影响。从图6a可见,进入钢液和夹杂物中的Ca含量与钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值呈现正相关的关系,这与之前的计算规律吻合。在Al含量为0.8%且CaO / Al2O3比值为2.2时,钢液中的T.Ca达到2.52 × 10-6 (图6a),夹杂物中CaO含量达到10.96% (图6b)。从图6c可见,溶解氧活度与钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值呈现负相关的关系,结合
图6
图6
钢中Al含量和渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对钢液和夹杂物终点成分的影响
Fig.6
Influences of Al content in steel and CaO / Al2O3 ratio in slag on the final compositions of steel and inclusions
(a) T.Ca in the molten steel
(b) CaO content in inclusion
(c) activity of dissolved oxygen (αO) in the molten steel
4 结论
(1) 以热力学与动力学平衡为理论基础,结合双膜理论与共存理论构建精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料耦合动力学模型,该模型的计算结果与实际测量结果较为吻合。
(2) 在渣-钢反应过程中,钢中Al含量和渣中CaO / Al2O3比值的增大会促进渣-钢反应过程中Ca的传质,当钢中Al含量从0.01%提升至0.75%时,钢液中Ca含量从0.07 × 10-6提升至1.47 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.44%提升至7.89%;当渣中CaO / Al2O3比值从1.0提升至2.2时,钢液中Ca含量从0.15 × 10-6提升至0.50 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.88%提升至2.95%,因此渣-钢反应过程中Ca的传质受Al含量影响较大。
(3) 随着钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值增大,渣-钢界面处溶解氧活度不断下降,因此钢液中T.Ca以及夹杂物中CaO的终点含量随之呈现上升趋势;当钢中Al含量为0.8%且渣中CaO / Al2O3比值为2.2时,钢液中T.Ca可达到2.52 × 10-6,而夹杂物中CaO含量可达到10.96%。
参考文献
State of the art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness
[J].
State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting
[J].
Effect of low basicity refining slag on evolution and removal of oxide inclusions in 55SiCrA spring steel
[J].The laboratory experiments, thermodynamic analysis, dynamic analysis, and industrial trials were carried out to investigate the influence of refining slag on the evolution and removal of oxide inclusions in 55SiCrA spring steel. The reduction in basicity and Al2O3 content in refining slag can reduce the [Al]s content in the molten steel, which is conducive to the control of the low melting point of inclusions. However, the refining slag with excessively low basicity transfers the oxygen element to molten steel and increases the Al2O3 content in inclusions, which is harmful to the control of inclusions. According to the chemical compositions of inclusions and refining slag in laboratory experiments, their physical parameters were calculated. The maximum separation ratio and the moving time of inclusions to reach the maximum separation ratio (tmax) of inclusions under different laboratory experimental conditions were studied. The maximum separation ratio of inclusions is positively correlated with the overall wettability (coshIMS) among the slag, steel, and inclusions. The maximum separation ratio of inclusions obtained by laboratory experiments is between 85% and 91%. The tmax decreases with the decline in basicity and Al2O3 content of refining slag, but excessively low basicity will increase the tmax. The basicity of refining slag in the range of 0.88–0.97 and the content of Al2O3 less than 6% is not only conducive to reducing the content of Al2O3 and the melting point of inclusions but also beneficial to removing the inclusions to the slag. The slag system shows good metallurgical results in industrial trials.
Effects of iron oxide on crystallization behavior and spatial distribution of spinel in stainless steel slag
[J].
Control of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions in stainless steels
[J].
Influence of RH vacuum treatment on spinel inclusions of high carbon chromium bearing steel
[J].
RH真空处理对高碳铬轴承钢尖晶石夹杂物的影响
[J].钢中尖晶石夹杂物不仅会恶化钢的可浇性,还可能导致成品出现宏观夹杂物,RH真空处理是去除钢中夹杂物的重要环节。对RH真空处理过程高碳铬轴承钢夹杂物数量、成分和类型变化开展研究,通过热力学计算讨论了真空压力对高碳铬轴承钢尖晶石夹杂物稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,当真空压力为30 Pa时,真空处理10 min,钢液循环总量达200~400 t,尖晶石夹杂物全部消失。真空处理15 min,夹杂物总数大幅降低,由480个/(200 mm<sup>2</sup>)降至97个/(200 mm<sup>2</sup>),夹杂物总数减少80%。真空处理后,钢中液态夹杂物数量增加且夹杂物呈高度液态化,与真空处理前相比,液态夹杂物的数量由44个/(200 mm<sup>2</sup>)增至71个/(200 mm<sup>2</sup>),增加61%,液态夹杂物占比由9%增至73%。尖晶石夹杂物全程为单一颗粒状,未发现其碰撞、聚集现象。热力学计算表明,真空条件下,高碳铬轴承钢中尖晶石夹杂物可被钢中碳还原分解,温度为1 600 ℃时,临界分解压力为16 000~22 000 Pa,真空度越高,越有利于尖晶石夹杂物的还原分解。真空压力为4 900 Pa时,真空处理7~14 min,钢液循环总量达511~1 022 t,尖晶石夹杂物即完全消失;真空度为20 400 Pa时,即便延长处理时间至40 min,将钢液循环总量增至2 360 t,尖晶石夹杂物仍存在。与夹杂物被“物理去除”的观点相比,真空条件下,尖晶石夹杂物被钢中碳还原分解能更好地解释真空过程尖晶石夹杂物的变化特征。
Formation mechanism of MgO·Al2O3 inclusions in GCr15 steel in continuous casting
[J].
GCr15轴承钢连铸过程MgO·Al2O3夹杂物形成机理
[J].为了研究GCr15轴承钢浇铸过程MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物形成原因,以改善钢的可浇性,对LF结束、RH结束、中间包冲击区、中间包浇铸区进行夹杂物全流程分析。LF结束夹杂物主要为镁铝尖晶石,并含有少量钙铝酸盐夹杂物。RH真空处理后镁铝尖晶石夹杂物被高效化去除,钢液中仅剩少量低熔点和高熔点钙铝酸盐夹杂物,中间包浇铸时可以在钢液中检测到许多MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物。采用不含氧化镁的中间包覆盖剂和铝质中间包内衬,在不改变连铸其他工艺参数条件下,中间包MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物数量并没有得到显著降低,中间包钢液中仍然可以检测到许多MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物,这说明中间包钢-渣-耐火材料间的反应并不是MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物的生成原因。向铁质提桶取样器中加入成分以SiO<sub>2</sub>、Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为主的铬质引流砂,并利用该铁质提桶取样器对RH破空后钢水进行取样,尽管钢水总氧质量分数增加0.000 1%,但可以在所取的钢样中检测到许多MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物,说明钢液的轻微氧化对MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物形成具有重要的影响。通过分析中间包覆盖剂成分,发现浇铸过程覆盖剂碱度偏低,Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和FeO含量偏高,且同一炉钢水浇铸后期覆盖剂中Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、FeO含量较浇铸前期有所降低,说明浇铸过程覆盖剂会向钢水传氧,由此造成对钢液的氧化,因此,覆盖剂成分的稳定控制对于轴承钢MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>夹杂物的形成具有重要影响。
Dissolution behavior of Mg and Ca from dolomite refractory into Al-killed molten steel
[J].
Calcium treatment modification and influencing factors of inclusions in aluminum-killed steel
[J].
铝镇静钢中夹杂物钙处理改性及其影响因素
[J].
Key metallurgical technology for high-quality bearing steel production based on the nonaluminum deoxidation process
[J].
基于非铝脱氧工艺的高品质轴承钢关键冶金技术研究
[J].
Effect of calcium in ferrosilicon alloys on inclusions in Al-killed steel
[J].
硅铁合金中金属钙元素对铝脱氧钢中夹杂物的影响
[J].
Development and prospects of molten steel deoxidation in steelmaking process
[J].
Kinetic analysis of compositional changes in inclusions during ladle refining
[J].
Analysis of formation mechanism about Ca-Mg-Al spinel-type inclusions in cold thin rolling sheet
[J].
冷轧薄板钙镁铝尖晶石类夹杂物成因分析
[J].针对超低碳铝脱氧镇静钢在冷轧冲压过程中出现开裂情况进行了电镜和能谱成分分析,确定了主要夹杂物含有Al2O3、CaO及MgO,为钙镁铝尖晶石类夹杂物。研究了该问题炉次的钢包顶渣组分、中间包覆盖剂及涂层侵蚀情况,讨论了夹杂物的来源。结果显示,Al2O3为脱氧产物及二次氧化的产物;CaO的来源为渣中较高活度的CaO与钢水中酸溶铝Als反应导致Ca元素进入钢水,进而与钢水中的O生成CaO。MgO主要为中间包覆盖剂氧化镁及涂层融蚀的氧化镁进入中间包渣系,与钢水中的Als反应导致Mg元素进入钢水,再与钢水中的O生成MgO。
Research status of reaction between ladle refractories and molten steel
[J].With the rapid development of various industrial fields in China, the demand for steel grades with high quality is increasing. As one of the main sources of foreign inclusions, ladle refractories have been paid extensive attention. Thus, the reaction mechanism of refractory and molten steel, the interaction between different refractories and molten steel and the influence on molten steel were described. Refractories can dissolve into the steel and react with the composition of the steel, and then form an interface layer. When the interface layer is a material with high melting point, it will hinder the dissolution and diffusion of refractories. When the interface layer is a material with low melting point, an emulsification will occur, and the new interface will react with the molten steel. The interaction between ladle refractories and molten steel can form inclusions and cause contamination of molten steel. In addition, the corrosion behavior of refractories can be changed under the action of electromagnetic field. It is necessary to select suitable refractory materials for smelting different kinds of steel. Selecting refractories for smelting steel quickly and accurately remains to be studied.
钢包耐火材料与钢液反应的研究现状
[J].
Optimization of refining slag for 30Cr1Mo1V steam turbine rotor steel
[J].To effectively control non-metallic inclusions and harmful elements contents in 30Cr1Mo1V turbine rotor steel, iso-[O] and iso-[S] lines in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3.5% MgO slag for 30Cr1Mo1V steel at 1873K were calculated by thermodynamic software FactSage 8.1. Effects of different refining slags on oxygen and sulfur contents in steel and inclusion characteristics were studied to obtain the optimal composition range of refining slag. Formation mechanism of typical MgO·Al2O3 inclusion in 30Cr1Mo1V steel and the relationship between inclusion and refining slag compositions were revealed. A kinetic model was introduced to describe the inclusion behavior at the liquid “steel-slag” interface and predict the removal of MgO·Al2O3 inclusion during slag refining. The experimental results and prediction of the kinetic model for inclusion removal after slag refining were in reasonable agreement. The optimized slag system of 504%CaO-40.3%Al2O3-4.3%SiO2-5%MgO was obviously beneficial to deoxidation, desulfurization and control of nonmetallic inclusions in the liquid 30Cr1Mo1V steel.
30Cr1Mo1V汽轮机转子钢的精炼渣优化
[J].为有效控制30Cr1Mo1V汽轮机转子钢中非金属夹杂物和有害杂质元素含量,利用热力学软件FactSage 8.1,计算了1873K下CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-5%MgO系精炼渣与30Cr1Mo1V钢液平衡时的等[O]线、等[S]线,以获得最优精炼渣成分范围。研究了不同精炼渣对钢中氧、硫含量,夹杂物特性的影响,继而揭示了钢中典型MgO·Al2O3夹杂物的热力学形成机制以及夹杂物与精炼渣之间的成分关系,并构建了“钢渣”界面MgO·Al2O3夹杂物运动模型。实验和模型结果表明,优化渣系50.4%CaO-40-3%Al2O3-4.3%SiO2-5%MgO对钢液脱氧、脱硫和非金属夹杂物控制的效果明显,模型预测结果与夹杂物去除率对应关系良好。
Evolution of MnS and MgO·Al2O3 inclusions in AISI M35 steel during electroslag remelting
[J].
Improving cleanliness of 30Cr2Ni4MoV low-pressure rotor steel by CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 slag refining
[J].
Change in composition of inclusions through the reaction between Al-killed steel and the slag of CaO and MgO saturation
[J].
Reduction of CaO and MgO slag components by Al in liquid Fe
[J].
Effect of Al content on the reaction between Fe-10Mn-xAl (x = 0.035wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, and 2wt%) steel and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag
[J].
Effect of slag composition on the kinetics of formation of Al2O3-MgO inclusions in aluminum killed ferritic stainless steel
[J].
Composition change of inclusions in high carbon steel before and after addition of aluminum
[J].
Evolution of Mg-Al-based inclusions with changes in Mg content during ladle treatment based on a coupled reaction model
[J].
Effects of FeO and CaO/Al2O3 ratio in slag on the cleanliness of Al-killed steel
[J].
Kinetic study on compositional variations of inclusions, steel and slag during refining process
[J].
Effects of slag composition and impurities of alloys on the inclusion transformation during industrial ladle furnace refining
[J].
The effect of refining slag and refractory on inclusion transformation in extra low oxygen steels
[J].
Effect of magnesia-carbon refractory on the kinetics of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusion generation in extra-low oxygen steels
[J].
Calcium transfer to oxide inclusions in Al-killed steel without calcium treatment
[J].
Effect of Al content in molten steel on interaction between MgO-C refractory and SPHC steel
[J].
Kinetic prediction for the composition of inclusions in the molten steel during the electroslag remelting
[J].
Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel, slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction
[J].
A kinetic model to predict the compositions of metal, slag and inclusions during ladle refining: Part 2. Condition to control the inclusion composition
[J].
A kinetic model to predict the compositions of metal, slag and inclusions during ladle refining: Part 1. Basic concept and application
[J].
Concepts and characteristic curves for the kinetic transformation of nonmetallic inclusions in liquid steel during solidification and cooling and in solid steel during heating process
[J].
钢液凝固与冷却过程及固体钢加热过程钢中非金属夹杂物成分动力学转变的几个概念和特征曲线
[J].
Modification of inclusions in molten steel by Mg-Ca transfer from top slag: Experimental confirmation of the ‘refractory-slag-metal-inclusion (ReSMI)’ multiphase reaction model
[J].
Refractory-slag-metal-inclusion multiphase reactions modeling using computational thermodynamics: Kinetic model for prediction of inclusion evolution in molten steel
[J].
Thermodynamics on the formation of spinel nonmetallic inclusion in liquid steel
[J].
Kinetic modeling for the dissolution of MgO lining refractory in Al-killed steels
[J].
A thermodynamic model of sulfur distribution ratio between CaO-SiO2-MgO-FeO-MnO-Al2O3 slags and molten steel during LF refining process based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory
[J].
A kinetic model of mass transfer and chemical reactions at a steel/slag interface under effect of interfacial tensions
[J].
Kinetics of the absorption of carbon dioxide in water
[J].
Effect of slag composition on the oxidation kinetics of alloying elements during electroslag remelting of stainless steel: Part-1 Mass-transfer model
[J].
Changes in composition during A.C. ESR——I. Theoretical development
[J].
交流电渣重熔过程中的成分变化——Ⅰ.理论传质模型
[J].
Mathematical model for growth and removal of inclusion in a multi-tuyere ladle during gas-stirring
[J].
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
