金属学报, 2025, 61(9): 1335-1343 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00012

研究论文

铝脱氧钢与CaO-MgO-Al2O3 精炼渣反应动力学研究

王博辰1, 任英,1, 邝霜2, 单庆林2, 潘宏伟2, 路博勋2, 石晓伟2, 王举金3, 张立峰,3

1 北京科技大学 冶金与生态工程学院 北京 100083

2 唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司 唐山 063000

3 北方工业大学 机械与材料工程学院 北京 100144

Kinetic Study of Interaction Between Aluminum Deoxidized Steel and CaO-MgO-Al2O3 Refining Slag

WANG Bochen1, REN Ying,1, KUANG Shuang2, SHAN Qinglin2, PAN Hongwei2, LU Boxun2, SHI Xiaowei2, WANG Jujin3, ZHANG Lifeng,3

1 School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

2 Tangshan Iron and Steel Group Co. Ltd., Tangshan 063000, China

3 School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China

通讯作者: 张立峰,zhanglifeng@ncut.edu.cn,主要从事钢中非金属夹杂物与冶金过程数值模拟研究;任 英,yingren@ustb.edu.cn,主要从事钢中非金属夹杂物控制研究

责任编辑: 肖素红

收稿日期: 2024-01-17   修回日期: 2024-07-18  

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3709900)
国家自然科学基金项目(U22A20171)
河钢集团重点科技项目(HG-2022103)

Corresponding authors: ZHANG Lifeng, professor, Tel: 13911868419, E-mail:zhanglifeng@ncut.edu.cn;REN Ying, professor, Tel: 13811903700, E-mail:yingren@ustb.edu.cn

Received: 2024-01-17   Revised: 2024-07-18  

Fund supported: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3709900)
National Nature Science Foundation of China(U22A20171)
Hesteel Group Key Science and Technology Projects(HG-2022103)

作者简介 About authors

王博辰,男,2000生,硕士生

摘要

为了研究CaO-MgO-Al2O3精炼渣对钢中Al2O3夹杂物的改性作用,本工作建立了精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料耦合动力学模型,研究了钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对渣-钢反应中夹杂物改性的影响。结果表明,进入钢液与夹杂物中的Ca含量与钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值呈正相关;随着钢中Al含量从0.01%增加至0.75%,钢液中Ca含量从0.07 × 10-6增加至1.47 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.44%增加至7.89%;随着渣中CaO / Al2O3比值从1.0增加至2.2,钢液中Ca含量从0.15 × 10-6增加至0.50 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.88%增加至2.95%;当钢中Al含量为0.8%且CaO / Al2O3比值为2.2时,钢液中总钙量为2.52 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量可达到10.96%。CaO-MgO-Al2O3精炼渣可以将钢中Al2O3夹杂物改性为CaO-Al2O3系夹杂物,其改性程度主要与钢中Al含量有关。

关键词: 渣-钢反应; 铝镇静钢; 夹杂物; 动力学模型

Abstract

This research introduces a coupled dynamic model, which involves refining slag, molten steel, inclusions, and refractory materials, to explore the modification effects of CaO-MgO-Al2O3 refining slag on Al2O3 inclusions within steel. The study examines the impact of varying aluminum contents in steel and CaO / Al2O3 ratios in slag on inclusion modification. Notably, the Ca content in both steel and inclusions exhibits a positive correlation with the Al content in steel and the CaO / Al2O3 ratio in the slag. An increase in the Al content in steel from 0.01% to 0.75% led to a rise in the Ca content in the molten steel from 0.07 × 10-6 to 1.47 × 10-6, accompanied by an increase in the CaO content in inclusions from 0.44% to 7.89%. Additionally, elevating the CaO / Al2O3 ratio in the slag from 1.0 to 2.2 enhanced the Ca content in the molten steel from 0.15 × 10-6 to 0.50 × 10-6 and increased the CaO content in inclusions from 0.88% to 2.95%. When the Al content in the steel reached 0.8% and the CaO / Al2O3 ratio in the slag stood at 2.2, the total Ca content in the steel escalated to 2.52 × 10-6, while the CaO content in inclusions surged to 10.96%. These results affirm that CaO-MgO-Al2O3 refining slag is capable of effectively transforming Al2O3 inclusions into CaO-Al2O3 inclusions, with the modification extent predominantly influenced by the Al content in the steel.

Keywords: slag-steel reaction; aluminum-killed steel; inclusion; kinetic model

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本文引用格式

王博辰, 任英, 邝霜, 单庆林, 潘宏伟, 路博勋, 石晓伟, 王举金, 张立峰. 铝脱氧钢与CaO-MgO-Al2O3 精炼渣反应动力学研究[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(9): 1335-1343 DOI:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00012

WANG Bochen, REN Ying, KUANG Shuang, SHAN Qinglin, PAN Hongwei, LU Boxun, SHI Xiaowei, WANG Jujin, ZHANG Lifeng. Kinetic Study of Interaction Between Aluminum Deoxidized Steel and CaO-MgO-Al2O3 Refining Slag[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2025, 61(9): 1335-1343 DOI:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00012

钢中的非金属夹杂物是影响钢铁材料洁净度的主要因素,对钢铁材料的质量及性能会产生较大的影响[1~4]。例如,MgO·Al2O3型夹杂物由于其高熔点和高硬度会引发水口结瘤和材料力学性能的下降[5~7],而含CaO型夹杂物由于其熔点较低会形成尺寸较大的夹杂物从而引发轧材中缺陷的产生[8~12]。在铝脱氧钢的精炼过程中,即使不添加Mg和Ca,也会在钢液中发现MgO·Al2O3和CaO·MgO·Al2O3夹杂物,夹杂物中Mg的主要来源是精炼渣和耐火材料,而Ca主要来源于精炼渣[13~18]

大量学者通过实验研究了不同条件下精炼渣与铝脱氧钢反应过程中元素的传递及夹杂物的改性。例如,Liu等[19]研究了钢中分别含有0.25%、0.75%和2.0% (质量分数,下同)的Al与饱和含MgO渣的反应,Mu等[20]也通过实验研究了Al含量分别为0.1%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%时的渣-钢反应过程,Yu等[21]研究了Al含量分别为0.035%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的高锰钢与精炼渣反应过程的不同。以上研究均表明,增加钢液中Al含量可以提高进入钢液及夹杂物的Ca和Mg含量。改变精炼渣组成对反应过程也存在一定的影响,部分研究[3,13,22~28]发现提高精炼渣中CaO / SiO2和CaO / Al2O3的比值,有助于渣中Mg和Ca进入钢液并对夹杂物进行改性。此外,实验中用到的坩埚也会向钢液进行传质[27,29~32],由于其接触面积相比于渣-钢界面更大,因此耐火材料对于渣-钢反应的影响不可忽略。但通过有限的实验手段仅可以发现各影响因素对渣-钢反应过程中元素传质的影响趋势,很难确定钢中Al对渣中CaO还原的临界条件,因此有必要构建精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料动力学模型,确定渣-钢反应过程中精炼渣对Al2O3夹杂物改性的定量影响。

针对该渣-钢反应过程,已有研究[26,27,33~37]通过建立多相耦合动力学模型对实验结果进行预测。Harada等[35,36]在双膜理论基础上建立了多相耦合动力学模型,并计算了Al加入量对渣-钢反应的影响。Kim等[24]对工业试验结果进行验证,并计算了渣在不同碱度下夹杂物改性的结果。Shin等[38,39]提出并使用有效平衡区概念建立了多相动力学模型,计算了渣中SiO2含量对渣-钢反应的影响。Zhang等[26]在实验的基础之上建立了多相耦合动力学模型,并计算了夹杂物尺寸、精炼渣中CaO / Al2O3比值和渣量对渣-钢反应的影响,随后将动力学分析与钢包内流体流动相结合,构建了动力学模型,计算炉渣碱度、气体流量以及夹杂物粒径对系统成分的影响[37]。综上可知,由于在精炼渣与铝镇静钢反应过程中钢液中Al会逐渐将精炼渣中的元素还原至钢液并对夹杂物进行改性,精炼渣组成和钢液中Al含量会对反应过程产生较大影响,实验与计算的结果也证明了这一点。有较多研究关注了渣-钢反应过程中Mg元素的传质以探究MgO·Al2O3夹杂物的形成,但对反应过程中Ca元素的传质以及夹杂物改性的研究较少,而在实际冶炼过程中,Ca元素进入钢液后会将高熔点夹杂物改性成低熔点钙铝酸盐夹杂物,可以在一定程度上减少水口结瘤的发生,提高钢液洁净度。因此,探究渣-钢反应过程的工况对Ca元素传质的影响对现场生产具有一定的指导意义。

本工作在双膜理论的基础上,结合共存理论构建了精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料动力学模型,在对实验结果验证的基础上,研究钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对渣-钢反应过程中Ca进入钢液并改性夹杂物的影响。

1 动力学模型原理及验证

图1所示为精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料动力学模型示意图。该模型考虑了耐材-钢液、渣-钢液和钢液-夹杂物之间的反应,使用双膜理论对界面处的传质进行计算,在计算过程中通过共存理论对精炼渣及夹杂物中各组元活度在每个时间步长内进行更新,此外还考虑了夹杂物的上浮行为[26,33,34,36]

图1

图1   精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料反应动力学模型示意图

Fig.1   Schematic of the kinetic model of refining slag-molten steel-inclusion-refractory reactions ([%M]—concentration of element M in the steel melt; [%M]s/i/r*—concentration of element M at the interface between steel and slag/inclusion/refractory material; (%MxOy)s/i—content of constituent MxOy in the slag/inclusion; (%MxOy)s/r*—content of constituent MxOy at the interface between steel and slag/refractory)


模型计算中渣系为CaO-MgO-Al2O3,耐火材料为MgO耐火材料,钢液为铝脱氧钢。钢液-精炼渣-夹杂物之间发生的反应如式(1)~(3)[40,41],MgO耐火材料与钢液发生的反应除 式(1)外,还有 式(4)[42],在计算过程中认为上述反应在界面处始终处于热力学平衡。

[Mg]+[O]=(MgO)    (ΔGθ=-728600+238.4T)
[Ca]+[O]=(CaO)    (ΔGθ= 39166.75, 1873 K)
2[Al]+3[O]=(Al2O3)    (ΔGθ=-122500+393.8T)
MgO(s)+2[Al]+3[O]=(MgAl2O4)(s)
(ΔGθ=-1279090+378.1T)

式中,ΔGθ 为标准Gibbs自由能,J/mol;T为热力学温度,K。

1.1 界面化学反应

在界面处的化学反应可表示为 式(5),根据化学反应平衡原理存在 式(6)。钢液中元素的活度采用Wagner模型进行计算,元素的活度系数可用 式(7)进行计算,所使用的参数由表1[40,41]列出。

表1   一阶相互作用系数[40,41]

Table 1  First-order interaction coefficients[40,41]

ElementMgAlOCa
Mg0-0.12-4600
Al-0.1380.5 / T3.21 - 9720 / T-0.047
O-3001.96 - 5750 / T0.76 - 1750 / T-515
Ca0-0.072-12930

Note:T—temperature

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x[M]+y[O]=(MxOy)
ΔG=ΔGθ+RTlnaMxOyaMxaOy
lgfM=j=2neMj[%j]+j=2nl=2nrMj, l[%j][%l]

式中,ΔG为Gibbs自由能,J/mol;R为理想气体常数,J/(mol·K);aMxOyaMaO分别为MxOy、元素M和元素O的活度;fM 为元素M的活度系数;[%j]和[%l]分别为钢液中元素jl的质量分数,%;eMj为元素j对元素M的一阶相互作用系数,如表1[40,41]所示;rMj, l为元素jl对元素M的二阶相互作用系数,其中,rMgO = 37000,rOMg = 16000,rAlO = 3.21 - 9720 / TrOAl = 0.0033 - 25 / TrCaO = 2240,rOCa = 537,rAlAl = 1.7 / T - 0.0011,rCaAl = 0.0007,rOMg, Al = -150,rMgMg, O = 48000,rOMg,O = 48000,rAlAl, O = -0.021 - 13.78 / TrOAl, O = 127.3 + 3.273 × 105 / TrOCa, O = 1788,rCaCa, O = 1.8093 × 105 + 5.075 × 108 / TrMgAl, O = -230,rAlMg, O = -260[40,41]

本模型中的渣系为CaO-MgO-Al2O3,渣中组元Mx O y 的活度根据离子和分子共存理论进行计算[33,34]。根据共存理论,渣相由简单组元与复杂组元构成,简单组元与复杂组元之间存在化学平衡,表2[43]列出了复杂组元及其ΔGθ。在该模型中认为各组元平衡时的摩尔分数等于其活度,简单分子化合物活度由 式(8)表示,简单离子化合物活度可由 式(9)表示。根据简单组元与复杂组元之间的平衡关系并结合表2中的数值,复杂组元活度可由简单组元的活度表示,例如3CaO·Al2O3的活度可由 式(10)表示。根据质量守恒定律,平衡前后组元Mx O y 的总摩尔分数不变,得到 式(11),并结合各组元总摩尔分数之和为1可求出渣中各组元活度。此外,该模型认为耐火材料中各组元活度之和始终为1,忽略了耐材侵蚀对反应的影响。

表2   CaO-MgO-Al2O3渣系中的组元及其标准Gibbs自由能(ΔGθ)[43]

Table 2  Components in CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slag system and corresponding standard Gibbs free energies (ΔGθ)[43]

CompoundΔGθ=a+bT
ab
3CaO·Al2O3-21757-29.288
12CaO·7 Al2O3617977-612.119
CaO·Al2O359413-59.413
CaO·2Al2O3-16736-25.522
CaO·6Al2O3-22954-31.798
MgO·Al2O3-18828-6.276

Note:a and b—coefficients

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aMxOy=NMxOy=nMxOynE
aMxOy=NMxOy=(x+y)nMxOynE
a3CaOAl2O3=exp-ΔGθRTaCaO3aAl2O3=N3CaOAl2O3
m=NMxOynE

式中,nMxOy为平衡时组元Mx O y 的摩尔数,mol;NMxOy为平衡时组元Mx O y 的摩尔分数;nE为平衡时各组元总摩尔数之和,mol;m为体系内Mx O y 的总摩尔数,mol。

在界面处,本体浓度与界面浓度存在一定的梯度,该浓度梯度为传质的驱动力,界面两侧组元MMx O y 的传质可由 式(12)和(13)来计算[26,34,36]。在钢-渣/耐材界面处,钢液侧传质系数(km)取6 × 10-4 m/s,渣侧Mx O y 的传质系数(kMxOy)取6 × 10-5 m/s[22,44]。在钢-夹杂物界面处,由于接触面积较小且假设界面为球形,所以可采用表面更新理论计算其传质速率,如 式(14)和(15)[45]

JM=1000kmρm100MM([%M]*-[%M])
JMxOy=1000kMxOyρs/inc100MMxOy((%MxOy)*-(%MxOy))
k=CDuslipπdinc
uslip=(ρm-ρinc)dinc2g18usteel

式中,JMJMxOy分别为元素M和组元Mx O y 的传质通量,mol/(m2·s);ρmρsρinc分别为钢液、渣和夹杂物的密度,kg/m3;[%M]*和(%Mx O y )*分别为界面处元素M和组元Mx O y 的含量,%;[%M]和(%Mx O y )分别为元素M和组元Mx O y 本体的含量,%;MMMMxOy分别为元素M和组元Mx O y 的相对分子质量;k为钢-夹杂物界面处组元的传质系数,m/s;C为常数,取0.1[33]D为组元的扩散系数,Mg、Al和O的扩散系数取2.236 × 10-8 m/s,Ca的扩散系数取1.1883 × 10-8 m/s,MgO和CaO的扩散系数取2.03 × 10-9 m/s,Al2O3的扩散系数取2.08 × 10-9 m/s[46,47]uslip为钢液与夹杂物之间的相对扩散速率,m/s;dinc为夹杂物的直径,m;g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2usteel为钢液黏度,取0.0067 kg/(m·s)[34]

假设界面处传质属于稳态传质,则界面处无物质堆积,传质过程中元素M存在物质平衡,则有 式(16)。根据界面电中性原理,认为在界面处阳离子和阴离子的总摩尔通量相等,则有 式(17)。联立 式(16)和(17)并结合共存理论形成非线性方程组,使用Newton迭代法对方程组进行求解,可以得到界面处各组元含量。

JMxOy+xJM=0
2JMg+3JAl+2JCa-2JO=0

1.2 边界层传质

由于本体和界面处组元浓度存在梯度,因此会存在一定的传质行为。在钢-渣/耐材界面处,钢液侧和渣侧的质量传递可以用 式(18)和(19)表示。由于钢-夹杂物界面特性,钢液及夹杂物中组元的传质可由 式(20)和(21)表示:

d[%M]dt=AkmVm([%M]*-[%M])
d(%MxOy)dt=AkMxOyVs((%MxOy)*-(%MxOy))
d[%M]dt=-n'Akm(inc)Vm([%M]*-[%M])
d[%MxOy]dt=-6kMxOy(inc)dinc((%MxOy)*-(%MxOy))

式中,Vm为钢液的体积,m3Vs为渣的体积,m3A为两相的接触面积,m2t为时间,s;n'为钢液中夹杂物个数;kM(inc)kMxOy(inc)分别为在钢-夹杂物界面处元素M和组元Mx O y 边界层中的传质系数,m/s。

1.3 夹杂物上浮

在该模型中考虑了夹杂物的上浮行为,在静止钢液中,一般认为静止钢液中夹杂物的上浮速率服从Stocks定律。夹杂物上浮行为会引起夹杂物浓度发生变化,其数量变化为[48]

dnjdt=uslipAsVmnj

式中,nj为夹杂物个数;As为渣-钢接触面积,m2

图2所示为动力学模型计算过程。计算过程发现,时间步长在2 s以内时对结果的影响较小,因此计算中选取1 s为时间步长。将初始条件输入模型,首先根据钢-渣界面两侧参数求解界面组元含量,再计算一个时间步长内传质对钢液及渣组分的影响,随后计算更新成分后的钢液与耐火材料之间的界面含量,再次更新钢液成分;之后计算钢液-夹杂物界面含量并更新其本体成分;最后计算夹杂物上浮行为对夹杂物数量的影响,计算直至时间达到设定计算结束时间tend。整个计算程序由Python编写完成。

图2

图2   动力学模型计算过程示意图

Fig.2   Schematic of the kinetic model calculation process (t—time, tend—calculated end time)


2 动力学模型验证

Liu等[19]研究了CaO-MgO-Al2O3渣系在不同Al含量下的渣-钢反应过程中钢液、渣及夹杂物成分的变化,本工作针对该文献中Al含量为0.25%的实验组进行验证。通过对文献[19]数据的收集,得到初始钢液中Al含量和O含量为0.25%和80 × 10-6,初始渣成分为55CaO-15MgO-30Al2O3,计算中使用的钢中元素的溶解含量由FactSage7.1软件中Equilib模块计算得出,钢液初始溶解铝和溶解氧含量分别为0.2411%和6.344 × 10-6。当前模型假定初始夹杂物全部为球状Al2O3夹杂物,其个数可由钢中总氧量(T.O,溶解氧含量+夹杂物中氧含量)和计算得到的溶解氧含量求得,其粒径为文献[19]中该实验组夹杂物尺寸的平均值。计算过程中所使用的参数数值为[19]:温度为1873 K;夹杂物平均粒径为3.76 μm;夹杂物和渣的密度分别为7000和3000 kg/m3;钢和渣的质量分别为140和13 g;坩埚直径为40 mm;钢液黏度为0.067 Pa·s。

图3为钢液中T.O、总镁量(T.Mg)、总钙量(T.Ca)和夹杂物含量的模型计算结果与实验结果[19]的对比。从图3a可见,由于本工作模型未考虑夹杂物的聚合长大行为,冶炼初期夹杂物粒径较小,上浮去除速率较慢,因此初期T.O的计算结果较高,但在冶炼末期计算结果与实验测量值[19]具有较好的吻合性。从图3b可见,随着反应的进行,由于夹杂物中MgO的含量增加,此时夹杂物的上浮行为对T.Mg影响较大,因此T.Mg的计算结果呈现随时间延长先上升后下降的趋势。从图3c可见,随时间延长T.Ca保持增加趋势,后期计算结果与实验结果[19]有较好的吻合性。从图3d可见,模型计算结果显示初始夹杂物数量较多,转化速率较慢,在4800 s转化为MgO夹杂物,与实验结果[19]吻合。综上可以认为本工作模型计算结果与实际测量结果基本吻合。

图3

图3   钢液中总氧量(T.O)、总镁量(T.Mg)、总钙量(T.Ca)和夹杂物含量的模型计算结果与实验结果[19]的对比

Fig.3   Comparisons of total oxygen content (T.O) (a), total magnesium content (T.Mg) (b), total calcium content (T.Ca) (c), and inclusion content (d) in molten steel between calculated and experimental[19] results


3-渣反应过程中成分变化预测

为探究渣-钢反应过程中Ca进入钢液并改性夹杂物的行为,利用本工作模型计算了不同钢液成分及渣成分对钢液和夹杂物成分变化的影响。分别计算了改变钢中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值条件下各组元的变化过程。图4为不同Al含量下钢液中T.Mg、T.Ca以及夹杂物中MgO、CaO含量的演变趋势。钢液中的Al含量对渣-钢反应过程具有较大的影响,随着Al含量增加,渣中的Mg、Ca元素更易进入钢液,因此钢液中T.Mg和T.Ca均有增加的趋势。当Al含量从0.01%提升至0.75%时,进入钢液的Ca含量从0.07 × 10-6提升至1.47 × 10-6,夹杂物中的CaO含量从0.44%提升至7.89%。Al的存在会加快Al2O3夹杂物改性为MgO·Al2O3,并且在Al含量较高时,Al2O3夹杂物会先改性为MgO·Al2O3,再随着冶炼进行转变为CaO·MgO·Al2O3,这与实验现象[19]吻合。

图4

图4   不同Al含量下钢液中T.Mg、T.Ca及夹杂物中MgO和CaO含量的变化

Fig.4   Variations of T.Mg in molten steel (a), T.Ca in molten steel (b), MgO content in inclusion (c), and CaO content in inclusion (d) under different Al contents in steel ([%Al] represents mass fraction of Al)


图5为渣中CaO / Al2O3比值不同时钢液中T.Ca与夹杂物中CaO含量变化。随着CaO / Al2O3比值的增加,Ca更易进入钢液以及夹杂物中,这是因为随着CaO / Al2O3比值的增加渣中CaO的活度会变大,界面处的Ca含量也会增大,因此更多的Ca通过渣-钢反应进入钢液。当CaO / Al2O3比值从1.0提升至2.2时,进入钢液的Ca含量从0.15 × 10-6提升至0.50 × 10-6,但夹杂物中的CaO含量并没有较大的涨幅,仅从0.88%增加至2.95%。这是因为此时钢液中大量存在的Mg不断进入夹杂物,抑制了Ca的进入。相比之下可以发现,Ca进入钢液并对夹杂物改性的程度主要取决于钢中Al含量。

图5

图5   渣中不同CaO / Al2O3比值下钢液中T.Ca和夹杂物中CaO含量的变化

Fig.5   Variations of T.Ca in molten steel (a) and CaO content in inclusion (b) under different CaO / Al2O3 ratios in slag


图6为钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对反应8000 s时钢中T.Ca、夹杂物中CaO含量以及钢液中溶解氧活度的影响。从图6a可见,进入钢液和夹杂物中的Ca含量与钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值呈现正相关的关系,这与之前的计算规律吻合。在Al含量为0.8%且CaO / Al2O3比值为2.2时,钢液中的T.Ca达到2.52 × 10-6 (图6a),夹杂物中CaO含量达到10.96% (图6b)。从图6c可见,溶解氧活度与钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值呈现负相关的关系,结合 式(6)溶解氧活度越低渣中的Ca越容易进入钢液和夹杂物,与图6ab中所呈现的规律相吻合。

图6

图6   钢中Al含量和渣中CaO / Al2O3比值对钢液和夹杂物终点成分的影响

Fig.6   Influences of Al content in steel and CaO / Al2O3 ratio in slag on the final compositions of steel and inclusions

(a) T.Ca in the molten steel

(b) CaO content in inclusion

(c) activity of dissolved oxygen (αO) in the molten steel


4 结论

(1) 以热力学与动力学平衡为理论基础,结合双膜理论与共存理论构建精炼渣-钢液-夹杂物-耐火材料耦合动力学模型,该模型的计算结果与实际测量结果较为吻合。

(2) 在渣-钢反应过程中,钢中Al含量和渣中CaO / Al2O3比值的增大会促进渣-钢反应过程中Ca的传质,当钢中Al含量从0.01%提升至0.75%时,钢液中Ca含量从0.07 × 10-6提升至1.47 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.44%提升至7.89%;当渣中CaO / Al2O3比值从1.0提升至2.2时,钢液中Ca含量从0.15 × 10-6提升至0.50 × 10-6,夹杂物中CaO含量从0.88%提升至2.95%,因此渣-钢反应过程中Ca的传质受Al含量影响较大。

(3) 随着钢液中Al含量以及渣中CaO / Al2O3比值增大,渣-钢界面处溶解氧活度不断下降,因此钢液中T.Ca以及夹杂物中CaO的终点含量随之呈现上升趋势;当钢中Al含量为0.8%且渣中CaO / Al2O3比值为2.2时,钢液中T.Ca可达到2.52 × 10-6,而夹杂物中CaO含量可达到10.96%。

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