Progress on the Diffusion Kinetics of Novel Co-based and Nb-Si-based Superalloys
LIU Xingjun,1,2,3, WEI Zhenbang3,4, LU Yong3,4, HAN Jiajia3,4, SHI Rongpei1,2, WANG Cuiping,3,4
1Institute of Materials Genome and Big Data, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
3College of Materials and Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
4Xiamen Key Laboratory of High Performance Metals and Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Corresponding authors:LIU Xingjun, professor, Tel:(0592)2187888, E-mail:xjliu@hit.edu.cn;WANG Cuiping, professor, Tel:(0592)2180606, E-mail:wangcp@xmu.edu.cn
Received:2023-03-27Revised:2023-06-03
Fund supported:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51831007) Guangdong Basic and Applied Ba-sic Research Foundation(2021B1515120071) Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(SGDX20210823104002016)
Data on diffusion kinetics of superalloys is crucial for gaining a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phase transition and microstructural evolution of superalloys. Further, it is the basis for the design and development of novel Co and Nb-Si-based superalloys. Herein, the common elements used in preparing superalloys and their corresponding functions are systematically summarized. In addition, the contribution of our research group in the establishment and improvement of databases on multicomponent diffusion kinetics of novel Co and Nb-Si-based superalloys is presented in detail. Furthermore, the machine learning method for self-diffusion coefficient and impurity diffusion coefficient, the experimental method for mutual diffusion coefficients, and the molecular dynamics method for tracer diffusion coefficients in the alloy systems are briefly discussed. In addition to providing a brief introduction of the applications of the databases in the simulation of microstructural evolution and alloy design, an outlook on the development of the databases on diffusion kinetics and related applications is presented.
LIU Xingjun, WEI Zhenbang, LU Yong, HAN Jiajia, SHI Rongpei, WANG Cuiping. Progress on the Diffusion Kinetics of Novel Co-based and Nb-Si-based Superalloys[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2023, 59(8): 969-985 DOI:10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00128
Table 1 Effects of alloying elements on Co-based superalloys[16-26]
Element
Microstructure and mechanical property
Oxidation resistance property
Al, Cr
Stabilizing elements of γ-phase, reducing the alloy density
Forming a dense oxide layer (Al2O3 or Cr2O3) to
prevent the oxidation of alloy
Ni
Extending γ/γ' two-phase region, increasing the volume
Inhibiting the formation of the oxide layer Al2O3,
fraction of γ' phase
and reducing the oxidation resistance of the alloy
Ta, W
Stabilizing elements of the γ' phase, significantly increasing the alloy density and forming the new phases unfavorable to mechanical properties with high content
Enhancing the oxidation resistance of the alloy below 1000oC by reducing the diffusion rate of each element, and decreasing the oxidation resistance of the alloy above 1000oC by inhibiting the formation of continuous oxide layers
Ti
The stabilizing element of γ' phase, significantly reduces the density of the alloy and the mismatch between the two phases of γ/γ' which benefits mechanical properties. However, high content Ti leading to the formation of lamellar TCP phase is not conducive to the mechanical properties
With increasing temperature, the resistance to oxid-ations decreases because of the reduction in the density of oxide films caused by a phase trans-formation in TiO2
C, N, B
The alloy's strength increases, but its ductility and toughness decrease, due to the formation of interstitial phases with high
hardness, melting point, and brittleness
The addition of small amount of B is good for enhancing the adhesion of oxide film to the substrate, but too much of it will promote the diffusion of the element, which is not good for the high temperature oxidation resistance of the alloy
Table 2 Effects of alloying elements on Nb-Si-based superalloys[29-36]
Element
Microstructure and mechanical property
Oxidation resistance property
Si
Alloy's strength increases, but its ductility and toughness decrease, due to the formation of Nb3Si and Nb5Si3
With increasing temperature over 1000oC, the resistance to oxidations decreases because of the reduction in the density of oxide films caused by a phase transformation in SiO2
Al
Inhibiting the formation of Nb3Si phase and promoting the formation of β-Nb5Si3. Toughness decreases, due to the formation of Nb3Al with a content of Al more than 6% (atomic fraction)
Resistance to the oxidation increases with formation of a dense layer of Al2O3
Cr
Inhibiting the formation of Nb3Si phase and promoting the formation of β-Nb5Si3. Formation of Nb9Si2Cr3 is be-neficial to creep resistance of the alloy, while the formation of NbCr2 phase has negative effects
Enhancing the oxidation resistance of the alloy above 1000oC by forming Nb9Si2Cr3, NbCr2 with high oxidation resistance and NbCrO4 which beneficial to improving adhesion of the oxide layer
Hf
Inhibiting the formation of Nb3Si phase and promoting the formation of β-Nb5Si3. High temperature creep properties decrease, due to the formation of Hf5Si3 intermetallic compound with a high content of Hf in alloys
Resistance to oxidations decreases because of embrittlement and cracking of the HfO2 layer with a high content of Hf
Ti
Stabilizing the Nb3Si phase. Toughness increases due to the increase in the diffusion rates of the atom and the growth of the phase Nbss caused by the addition of Ti
Enhancing the oxidation resistance of the alloy at a temperature below 800oC by forming dense TiO2 layers, and decreasing at a temperature above 800oC due to a phase transformation in TiO2
V
Stabilizing the α-Nb5Si3 phase and inducing the microstr-ucture transformation from dispersion to eutectic-like structure. Alloy's fracture toughness decreases, but its high temperature strength decrease, due to the softening of solid solution caused by thermal activation diffusion process
Resistance to oxidations decreases because of cracking of oxidation layers caused by the formation of V2O5 with a high content of V in alloys
Fig.1
Flow chart for obtaining diffusion coefficients based on experimental methods[37-39] (T0—diffusion temperature, x—distance, t—diffusion time, D*—tracer diffusion coefficient, c—element concentration, S—mass per unit area of the diffusing material)
Fig.2
Flow diagram of the implementation of machine-learning for predicting the diffusion coefficients in bcc, fcc, and hcp phases[67] (R—gas constant, T—temperature, D—diffusion coefficient)
为了提高互扩散系数的计算效率,Chen等[73]和Zhong等[74]通过对算法进行改进,开发出了基于数值反演方法的HitDIC (high-throughput determination of interdiffusion coefficients)软件。数值反演方法中,互扩散系数可表示为如下式所示的热力学因子与空位浓度相关的Manning随机合金模型(Manning's random alloy model)组成的函数形式[73,74]:
此外,反映分子间相互作用的势函数也是影响分子动力学计算结果的关键因素。第一性原理分子动力学方法将密度泛函理论和分子动力学方法相结合,保证了计算结果的精度,但是计算效率过低,模型中原子数量不宜过多。采用传统经验势函数的分子动力学计算效率虽然得到显著提升,但计算结果的精度也随之下降。为了兼顾势函数的精度及其计算效率,Huang等[83]采用机器学习方法结合动力学Monte Carlo方法(ANN-KMC)及分子动力学方法实现了不同温度下Ni1 - x Fe x 合金中扩散系数的计算。
Fig.3
Ranking of the importance of features in the impurity diffusion activation energy (QI) machine learning model (a)[67], and comparisons among the results calculated by the self-diffusion activation energy (Qs) (b)[84] and QI (c)[67] machine learning models and experimental measurements (The features were classified as follows, 1) Electron configuration: numbers of electrons in closed-shell and s-, p-, d-, and f-orbits (CEC, Ns, Np, Nd, Nf); 2) Atomic properties: atomic radius (AR), atomic mass (AM), and electronegativity (EN); 3) Lattice parameters (including a, c, and γ) and atomic coordinate number (Z); 4) Cij; 5) Tm. The superscripts of the features M, I, Δ, and R denote matrix, impurity, matrix-impurity, and matrix/impurity, respectively)
Table 4 Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91]
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j
Fig.5
Time-dependent mean square displacement (MSD) of Co, Ti, and Ni in alloys with different compositions (a), comparisons of tracer diffusion coefficients calculated using kinetic database and molecular dynamic method (b), and tracer diffusion coefficient change with composition in the fcc phase of Co-Ti-Ni ternary system at various temperatures (c)[85]
Fig.6
Distributions of the crack susceptibility coefficient with compositions for Co-Ti-Al (a-c), Ni-Si-Hf (d-f) ternary alloys at cooling rates of 10 K/s (a, d), 100 K/s (b, e), and 1000 K/s (c, f)[85] (LN (CSC) indicates the logarithm of the thermal crack sensitivity coefficient, the higher the value, the stronger the tendency to produce thermal cracks)
Fig.7
Al (a-c) and W (d-f) concentration distributions in Co-9Al-9W alloy aged at 900oC for 10 h (a, d), 50 h (b, e), and 100 h (c, f) as simulated by phase-field method[107]
We have identified cobalt-base superalloys showing a high-temperature strength greater than those of conventional nickel-base superalloys. The cobalt-base alloys are strengthened by a ternary compound with the L1(2) structure, gamma' Co3(Al,W), which precipitates in the disordered gamma face-centered cubic cobalt matrix with high coherency and with high melting points. We also identified a ternary compound, gamma' Ir3(Al,W), with the L1(2) structure, which suggests that the Co-Ir-Al-W-base systems with gamma+gamma' (Co,Ir)3(Al,W) structures offer great promise as candidates for next-generation high-temperature materials.
LassE A, GristR D, WilliamsM E.
Phase equilibria and microstructural evolution in ternary Co-Al-W between 750 and 1100oC
Due to the special service environment of superalloys, this paper aims to obtain effects of temperature and Ti addition on high temperature oxidation behavior of Co-Al-W-B alloys.
YuJ X, WangC L, ChenY C, et al.
Accelerated design of L12-strengthened Co-base superalloys based on machine learning of experimental data
Refractory metal (Nb) intermetallic composites, high entropy alloys, complex concentrated alloys and the alloy design methodology NICE—Mise-en-scène patterns of thought and progress
The paper reflects on the usefulness of the alloy design methodology NICE (Niobium Intermetallic Composite Elaboration) for the development of new Nb-containing metallic ultra-high-temperature materials (UHTMs), namely refractory metal (Nb) intermetallic composites (RM(Nb)ICs), refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) and refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs), in which the same phases can be present, specifically bcc solid solution(s), M5Si3 silicide(s) and Laves phases. The reasons why a new alloy design methodology was sought and the foundations on which NICE was built are discussed. It is shown that the alloying behavior of RM(Nb)ICs, RHEAs and RCCAs can be described by the same parameters. The practicality of parameter maps inspired by NICE for describing/understanding the alloying behavior and properties of alloys and their phases is demonstrated. It is described how NICE helps the alloy developer to understand better the alloys s/he develops and what s/he can do and predict (calculate) with NICE. The paper expands on RM(Nb)ICs, RHEAs and RCCAs with B, Ge or Sn, the addition of which and the presence of A15 compounds is recommended in RHEAs and RCCAs to achieve a balance of properties.
MoT T, SongN, XieG, et al.
The study of crystallization process of high-purity silica at high temperature
A modified thermodynamic model for the impurity diffusion via nearest- and next-nearest neighbour jumps in body-centred cubic metals of the groups V and VI
Onsager's phenomenological scheme for diffusion in multicomponent liquid systems is examined for suitability as a description of metallic interdiffusion. Subject to certain restrictions and approximations a set of non-linear differential equations is obtained which can be simply applied to important boundary conditions. A solution of the set for the system iron, carbon, silicon is shown to provide a good fit to Darken's experimental results.
WhittleD P, GreenA.
The measurement of diffusion coefficients in ternary systems
This study aims to incorporate a big dataset of composition profiles of fcc AlCoCrFeNi alloys, in addition to those of the related subsystem, to develop a self-consistent kinetic description for quinary high-entropy alloys. The latest feature of the HitDIC (High-throughput Determination of Interdiffusion Coefficients) code was adopted in a high-throughput and automatic manner for accommodating a dataset of composition profiles with up to 87 diffusion couples. A good convergence for the optimization process was achieved, while satisfactory results regarding the composition profiles and previously evaluated diffusion properties were obtained. Here, we present an investigation into the elemental effect of Al towards interdiffusion and tracer diffusion, and their potential effect on creep and precipitation processes.
LiuF, WangZ X, WangZ, et al.
High‐throughput method—Accelerated design of Ni-based superalloys
Martensitically formed duplex fcc + hcp Co-based entropic alloys have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations. A fair correlation is found between calculated driving forces for a partitionless fcc -> hcp transformation and experimentally obtained phase fractions. (C) 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
EikenJ, BöttgerB, SteinbachI.
Multiphase-field approach for multicomponent alloys with extrapolation scheme for numerical application
... Effects of alloying elements on Co-based superalloys[16-26] ...
Refractory metal (Nb) intermetallic composites, high entropy alloys, complex concentrated alloys and the alloy design methodology NICE—Mise-en-scène patterns of thought and progress
... Comparisons of three methods for calculating impurity diffusion coefficient and self-diffusion coefficientTable 3
Method
Total number of system
Time consuming (single system)
Property
Semi-empirical model
> 15000
< 1 min
High efficiency, low accuracy
First principles
> 15000
> 5 h
Strong, professionalism, high learning cost,
high accuracy, low efficiency
Experiment
> 15000
3-5 d
Not suitable for metastable systems
基于实验方法获取扩散系数的流程图[37~39]
Flow chart for obtaining diffusion coefficients based on experimental methods[37-39] (T0—diffusion temperature, x—distance, t—diffusion time, D*—tracer diffusion coefficient, c—element concentration, S—mass per unit area of the diffusing material)Fig.1
... [37-39] (T0—diffusion temperature, x—distance, t—diffusion time, D*—tracer diffusion coefficient, c—element concentration, S—mass per unit area of the diffusing material)Fig.1
... Comparisons of three methods for calculating impurity diffusion coefficient and self-diffusion coefficientTable 3
Method
Total number of system
Time consuming (single system)
Property
Semi-empirical model
> 15000
< 1 min
High efficiency, low accuracy
First principles
> 15000
> 5 h
Strong, professionalism, high learning cost,
high accuracy, low efficiency
Experiment
> 15000
3-5 d
Not suitable for metastable systems
基于实验方法获取扩散系数的流程图[37~39]
Flow chart for obtaining diffusion coefficients based on experimental methods[37-39] (T0—diffusion temperature, x—distance, t—diffusion time, D*—tracer diffusion coefficient, c—element concentration, S—mass per unit area of the diffusing material)Fig.1
... -39] (T0—diffusion temperature, x—distance, t—diffusion time, D*—tracer diffusion coefficient, c—element concentration, S—mass per unit area of the diffusing material)Fig.1
A modified thermodynamic model for the impurity diffusion via nearest- and next-nearest neighbour jumps in body-centred cubic metals of the groups V and VI
... [67]Flow diagram of the implementation of machine-learning for predicting the diffusion coefficients in bcc, fcc, and hcp phases[67] (R—gas constant, T—temperature, D—diffusion coefficient)Fig.2
... [67,84]Ranking of the importance of features in the impurity diffusion activation energy (QI) machine learning model (a)[67], and comparisons among the results calculated by the self-diffusion activation energy (Qs) (b)[84] and QI (c)[67] machine learning models and experimental measurements (The features were classified as follows, 1) Electron configuration: numbers of electrons in closed-shell and s-, p-, d-, and f-orbits (CEC, Ns, Np, Nd, Nf); 2) Atomic properties: atomic radius (AR), atomic mass (AM), and electronegativity (EN); 3) Lattice parameters (including a, c, and γ) and atomic coordinate number (Z); 4) Cij; 5) Tm. The superscripts of the features M, I, Δ, and R denote matrix, impurity, matrix-impurity, and matrix/impurity, respectively)Fig.3
... [67], and comparisons among the results calculated by the self-diffusion activation energy (Qs) (b)[84] and QI (c)[67] machine learning models and experimental measurements (The features were classified as follows, 1) Electron configuration: numbers of electrons in closed-shell and s-, p-, d-, and f-orbits (CEC, Ns, Np, Nd, Nf); 2) Atomic properties: atomic radius (AR), atomic mass (AM), and electronegativity (EN); 3) Lattice parameters (including a, c, and γ) and atomic coordinate number (Z); 4) Cij; 5) Tm. The superscripts of the features M, I, Δ, and R denote matrix, impurity, matrix-impurity, and matrix/impurity, respectively)Fig.3
... [67] machine learning models and experimental measurements (The features were classified as follows, 1) Electron configuration: numbers of electrons in closed-shell and s-, p-, d-, and f-orbits (CEC, Ns, Np, Nd, Nf); 2) Atomic properties: atomic radius (AR), atomic mass (AM), and electronegativity (EN); 3) Lattice parameters (including a, c, and γ) and atomic coordinate number (Z); 4) Cij; 5) Tm. The superscripts of the features M, I, Δ, and R denote matrix, impurity, matrix-impurity, and matrix/impurity, respectively)Fig.3
Atomistic simulation of chemical short-range order in HfNbTaZr high entropy alloy based on a newly-developed interatomic potential
1
2021
... 此外,反映分子间相互作用的势函数也是影响分子动力学计算结果的关键因素.第一性原理分子动力学方法将密度泛函理论和分子动力学方法相结合,保证了计算结果的精度,但是计算效率过低,模型中原子数量不宜过多.采用传统经验势函数的分子动力学计算效率虽然得到显著提升,但计算结果的精度也随之下降.为了兼顾势函数的精度及其计算效率,Huang等[83]采用机器学习方法结合动力学Monte Carlo方法(ANN-KMC)及分子动力学方法实现了不同温度下Ni1 - x Fe x 合金中扩散系数的计算. ...
A predictive model of impurity diffusion coefficients in face-centered-cubic metallic systems based on machine-learning
... ,84]Ranking of the importance of features in the impurity diffusion activation energy (QI) machine learning model (a)[67], and comparisons among the results calculated by the self-diffusion activation energy (Qs) (b)[84] and QI (c)[67] machine learning models and experimental measurements (The features were classified as follows, 1) Electron configuration: numbers of electrons in closed-shell and s-, p-, d-, and f-orbits (CEC, Ns, Np, Nd, Nf); 2) Atomic properties: atomic radius (AR), atomic mass (AM), and electronegativity (EN); 3) Lattice parameters (including a, c, and γ) and atomic coordinate number (Z); 4) Cij; 5) Tm. The superscripts of the features M, I, Δ, and R denote matrix, impurity, matrix-impurity, and matrix/impurity, respectively)Fig.3
... [84] and QI (c)[67] machine learning models and experimental measurements (The features were classified as follows, 1) Electron configuration: numbers of electrons in closed-shell and s-, p-, d-, and f-orbits (CEC, Ns, Np, Nd, Nf); 2) Atomic properties: atomic radius (AR), atomic mass (AM), and electronegativity (EN); 3) Lattice parameters (including a, c, and γ) and atomic coordinate number (Z); 4) Cij; 5) Tm. The superscripts of the features M, I, Δ, and R denote matrix, impurity, matrix-impurity, and matrix/impurity, respectively)Fig.3
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91] ...
... [85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]Time-dependent mean square displacement (MSD) of Co, Ti, and Ni in alloys with different compositions (a), comparisons of tracer diffusion coefficients calculated using kinetic database and molecular dynamic method (b), and tracer diffusion coefficient change with composition in the fcc phase of Co-Ti-Ni ternary system at various temperatures (c)[85]Fig.5
... [85]Distributions of the crack susceptibility coefficient with compositions for Co-Ti-Al (a-c), Ni-Si-Hf (d-f) ternary alloys at cooling rates of 10 K/s (a, d), 100 K/s (b, e), and 1000 K/s (c, f)[85] (LN (CSC) indicates the logarithm of the thermal crack sensitivity coefficient, the higher the value, the stronger the tendency to produce thermal cracks)Fig.6
... [85] (LN (CSC) indicates the logarithm of the thermal crack sensitivity coefficient, the higher the value, the stronger the tendency to produce thermal cracks)Fig.6
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91] ...
... [85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [85]Time-dependent mean square displacement (MSD) of Co, Ti, and Ni in alloys with different compositions (a), comparisons of tracer diffusion coefficients calculated using kinetic database and molecular dynamic method (b), and tracer diffusion coefficient change with composition in the fcc phase of Co-Ti-Ni ternary system at various temperatures (c)[85]Fig.5
... [85]Distributions of the crack susceptibility coefficient with compositions for Co-Ti-Al (a-c), Ni-Si-Hf (d-f) ternary alloys at cooling rates of 10 K/s (a, d), 100 K/s (b, e), and 1000 K/s (c, f)[85] (LN (CSC) indicates the logarithm of the thermal crack sensitivity coefficient, the higher the value, the stronger the tendency to produce thermal cracks)Fig.6
... [85] (LN (CSC) indicates the logarithm of the thermal crack sensitivity coefficient, the higher the value, the stronger the tendency to produce thermal cracks)Fig.6
Atomic mobilities, diffusivities and simulation of diffusion growth in the Co-Si system
1
2008
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91]Table 4
Mobility of Co
Phase
Parameter
Mobility of Nb
Phase
Parameter
[86]
fcc
-296542.9 - 74.48T
[89]
bcc
-268253.0 - 108.60T
[87]
fcc
-284.724.0 - 69.23T
[85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
Computational study of atomic mobility for fcc phase of Co-Fe and Co-Ni binaries
1
2008
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91]Table 4
Mobility of Co
Phase
Parameter
Mobility of Nb
Phase
Parameter
[86]
fcc
-296542.9 - 74.48T
[89]
bcc
-268253.0 - 108.60T
[87]
fcc
-284.724.0 - 69.23T
[85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
Interdiffusion and atomic mobility for face-centered-cubic Co-Al alloys
1
2011
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91]Table 4
Mobility of Co
Phase
Parameter
Mobility of Nb
Phase
Parameter
[86]
fcc
-296542.9 - 74.48T
[89]
bcc
-268253.0 - 108.60T
[87]
fcc
-284.724.0 - 69.23T
[85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
Study of diffusion mobilities of Nb and Zr in bcc Nb-Zr alloys
1
2008
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91]Table 4
Mobility of Co
Phase
Parameter
Mobility of Nb
Phase
Parameter
[86]
fcc
-296542.9 - 74.48T
[89]
bcc
-268253.0 - 108.60T
[87]
fcc
-284.724.0 - 69.23T
[85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
Kinetic modeling of diffusion mobilities in bcc Ti-Nb alloys
1
2009
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91]Table 4
Mobility of Co
Phase
Parameter
Mobility of Nb
Phase
Parameter
[86]
fcc
-296542.9 - 74.48T
[89]
bcc
-268253.0 - 108.60T
[87]
fcc
-284.724.0 - 69.23T
[85]
bcc
-268115.4 - 78.10T
[88]
fcc
-172082.0 - 28.42T
[85]
bcc
-267729.0 - 79.90T
[85]
fcc
-265759.8 - 77.69T
[85]
bcc
-212705.4 - 77.74T
[85]
fcc
-283070.4 - 74.59T
[85]
bcc
-252086.3 - 78.13T
[85]
fcc
-229653.7 - 76.81T
[90]
bcc
-268139.0 - 75.56T
[85]
fcc
-264096.5 - 75.94T
[91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
Atomic mobilities and diffusional growth in solid phases of the V-Nb and V-Zr systems
... Partial optimization results of self-diffusion mobility parameter and impurity diffusion mobility parameter of the fcc phase in novel Co-based superalloys and the bcc phase in Nb-Si-based superalloys[85-91] ...
... [91]
bcc
-258635.1 - 76.09T
Note: represents the self-diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize a same element) and impurity diffusion mobility parameter (when i and j symbolize different elements) of element i under the influence of concentration gradient of element j ...
... [92],Co-Cr-Mo合金中扩散偶在1473 K保温259200 s[93],Ni-Mo-Ta合金中扩散偶在1473 K保温259200 s[94],以及Ni-Mo-Ta合金中扩散偶在1573 K保温172800 s后[94]的扩散路径计算结果和实验数据的对比Comparisons between the experimental and DICTRA-simulated diffusion paths for various diffusion couples
(a) Ni-Co-Al alloy annealed at 1373 K for 259200 s[92] ...
... (a) Ni-Co-Al alloy annealed at 1373 K for 259200 s[92] ...
Interdiffusion and atomic mobilities in fcc Co-Cr-Mo Alloys
... [94],以及Ni-Mo-Ta合金中扩散偶在1573 K保温172800 s后[94]的扩散路径计算结果和实验数据的对比Comparisons between the experimental and DICTRA-simulated diffusion paths for various diffusion couples
(a) Ni-Co-Al alloy annealed at 1373 K for 259200 s[92] ...
... [94]的扩散路径计算结果和实验数据的对比Comparisons between the experimental and DICTRA-simulated diffusion paths for various diffusion couples
(a) Ni-Co-Al alloy annealed at 1373 K for 259200 s[92] ...
... (c) Ni-Mo-Ta alloy annealed at 1473 K for 259200 s[94] ...
... (d) Ni-Mo-Ta alloy annealed at 1573 K for 172800 s[94] ...
Interdiffusion and atomic mobilities in Co-rich fcc Co-Cr-V alloys
0
2018
Interdiffusion and atomic mobilities in Ni-rich fcc Ni-Cr-W Alloys
... [107]Al (a-c) and W (d-f) concentration distributions in Co-9Al-9W alloy aged at 900oC for 10 h (a, d), 50 h (b, e), and 100 h (c, f) as simulated by phase-field method[107]Fig.7