Phase Field Modeling of Formation Mechanism of Grain Boundary Allotriomorph in β→α Phase Transformation in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Received date: 2019-11-18
Revised date: 2020-01-08
Online published: 2020-04-08
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0701304);Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC01040100);Special Informatization Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XXH13506-304);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51671195)
The microstructure evolution with grain boundary wetting phase transformation of α allotriomorph during the β→α phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been investigated by means of phase field modeling. A realistic microstructure was generated by coupling the Thermo-Calc thermodynamic parameters and phase field evolution equations. It is shown that the specially constructed thermal noise terms disturb the β/β interfaces and can produce heterogeneous nucleation of α phase at energetically favorable points such as triple junctions and β grain boundaries (GBs). A small amount of αGB (grain boundary α) nuclei formed at the early stage of phase transition would lead to the formation of discontinuous αGB; while a large number of αGB nuclei can result in the formation of continuous αGB. GBs can be "wetted" by a second solid phase through the reversible transition from incomplete to complete solid state wetting at a certain temperature without a new reaction. The volume fraction of α phase and the grain number increased gradually as the noise amplitude increased from 0.05 to 0.11, or noise duration from 50 s to 80 s. Both noise amplitude and time could control the formation kinetics of αGB, which will influence the microstructure, and the fatigue properties of Ti alloys can be altered if these are controlled experimentally.
Key words： Ti-6Al-4V; phase field model; thermal noise term; αGB; grain boundary wetting
Jia SUN , Xuexiong LI , Jinhu ZHANG , Gang WANG , Mei YANG , Hao WANG , Dongsheng XU . Phase Field Modeling of Formation Mechanism of Grain Boundary Allotriomorph in β→α Phase Transformation in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2020 , 56(8) : 1113 -1122 . DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00392
| [1] | Geetha M, Singh A K, Asokamani R, et al. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants—A review [J]. Prog. Mater. Sci., 2009, 54: 397 |
| [2] | Shi R, Wang Y. Variant selection during α precipitation in Ti-6Al-4V under the influence of local stress—A simulation study [J]. Acta Mater., 2013, 61: 6006 |
| [3] | Gornakova A S, Prokofiev S I, Straumal B B, et al. Growth of (αTi) grain-boundary layers in Ti-Co alloys [J]. Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Met., 2016, 57: 703 |
| [4] | Egorova Y B, Il'in A A, Kolachev B A, et al. Effect of the structure on the cutability of titanium alloys [J]. Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 2003, 45: 134 |
| [5] | Fishgoit A V, Maistrov V M, Il'in A A, et al. Interaction of short cracks with the structure of metals [J]. Sov. Mater. Sci., 1990, 25: 571 |
| [6] | Bobovnikov V N, Luk'yanenko V V, Fishgoit A V. Effect of particles of the insoluble phase Al9FeNi on the kinetics of fatigue crack propagation in alloy Ak4-1 [J]. Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1982, 24: 191 |
| [7] | Kolachev B A, Lyasotskaya V S. Correlation between diagrams of isothermal and anisothermal transformations and phase composition diagram of hardened titanium alloys [J]. Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 2003, 45: 119 |
| [8] | Straumal B B, Baretzky B, Kogtenkova O A, et al. Wetting of grain boundaries in Al by the solid Al3Mg2 phase [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2010, 45: 2057 |
| [9] | Lütjering G, Williams J C. Titanium [M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2007: 1 |
| [10] | Beeler J R. Computer experiments on point defect configurations and energies in Ti-M systems [J]. JOM, 1968, 20(1): 383 |
| [11] | Lütjering G. Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+β) titanium alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1998, A243: 32 |
| [12] | Banerjee D, Williams J C. Perspectives on titanium science and technology [J]. Acta Mater., 2013, 61: 844 |
| [13] | Furuhara T, Aaronson H I. Crystallography and interfacial structure of proeutectoid α grain boundary allotriomorphs in a hypoeutectoid Ti-Cr alloy [J]. Acta Metall. Mater., 1991, 39: 2887 |
| [14] | Liu C M, Wang H M, Tian X J, et al. Development of a pre-heat treatment for obtaining discontinuous grain boundary α in laser melting deposited Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2014, A604: 176 |
| [15] | Gornakova A S, Straumal B B, Nekrasov A N, et al. Grain boundary wetting by a second solid phase in Ti-Fe alloys [J]. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27: 4989 |
| [16] | Heo T W, Zhang L, Du Q, et al. Incorporating diffuse-interface nuclei in phase-field simulations [J]. Scr. Mater., 2010, 63: 8 |
| [17] | Karma A, Rappel W J. Phase-field model of dendritic sidebranching with thermal noise [J]. Phys. Rev., 1999, 60E: 3614 |
| [18] | Karma A. Fluctuations in solidification [J]. Phys. Rev., 1993, 48E: 3441 |
| [19] | Hubert J, Cheng M, Emmerich H. Effect of noise-induced nucleation on grain size distribution studied via the phase-field crystal method [J]. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2009, 21: 464108 |
| [20] | Kim S G, Kim W T, Suzuki T. Phase-field model for binary alloys [J]. Phys. Rev., 1999, 60E: 7186 |
| [21] | Kundin J, Pogorelov E, Emmerich H. Phase-field modeling of the microstructure evolution and heterogeneous nucleation in solidifying ternary Al-Cu-Ni alloys [J]. Acta Mater., 2015, 83: 448 |
| [22] | Ovid'ko I A. Deformation and diffusion modes in nanocrystalline materials [J]. Int. Mater. Rev., 2005, 50: 65 |
| [23] | Bronchart Q, Le Bouar Y, Finel A. New coarse-grained derivation of a phase field model for precipitation [J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 100: 015702 |
| [24] | Gránásy L, Pusztai T, Warren J A. Modelling polycrystalline solidification using phase field theory [J]. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2004, 16: R1205 |
| [25] | Wynblatt P, Chatain D. Solid-state wetting transitions at grain boundaries [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2008, A495: 119 |
| [26] | McEldowney D J, Tamirisakandala S, Miracle D B. Heat-treatment effects on the microstructure and tensile properties of powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V alloys modified with boron [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2010, 41A: 1003 |
| [27] | Chen Y Y, Du Z X, Xiao S L, et al. Effect of aging heat treatment on microstructure and tensile properties of a new β high strength titanium alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 586: 588 |
| [28] | Nag S, Banerjee R, Stechschulte J, et al. Comparison of microstructural evolution in Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe and Ti-15Mo biocompatible alloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2005, 16: 679 |
| [29] | Sun Z C, Li X S, Wu H L, et al. A unified growth model of the secondary grain boundary α phase in TA15 Ti-alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 689: 693 |
| [30] | Guo W, Spatschek R, Steinbach I. An analytical study of the static state of multi-junctions in a multi-phase field model [J]. Physica, 2011, 240D: 382 |
| [31] | Fisher J C. Calculation of diffusion penetration curves for surface and grain boundary diffusion [J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1951, 22: 74 |
| [32] | Liu C M, Lu Y, Tian X J, et al. Influence of continuous grain boundary α on ductility of laser melting deposited titanium alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A661: 145 |
| [33] | Liu C M, Yu L, Zhang A L, et al. Beta heat treatment of laser melting deposited high strength near β titanium alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A673: 185 |
| [34] | Foltz J W, Welk B, Collins P C, et al. Formation of grain boundary α in β Ti alloys: Its role in deformation and fracture behavior of these alloys [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2011, 42A: 645 |
| [35] | Lütjering G, Albrecht J, Sauer C, et al. The influence of soft, precipitate-free zones at grain boundaries in Ti and Al alloys on their fatigue and fracture behavior [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2007, A468-470: 201 |
| [36] | Liu C Y, Gu W Y, Kong D J, et al. The significant effects of the alkali-metal cations on ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis: From mechanism to morphology [J]. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2014, 183: 30 |
| [37] | Wang Y, Zhang S Q, Tian X J, et al. High-cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation in laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy [J]. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2013, 20: 665 |
| [38] | Straumal B B, Kogtenkova O A, Murashkin M Y, et al. Grain boundary wetting transition in Al-Mg alloys [J]. Mater. Lett., 2017, 186: 82 |
| [39] | Protasova S G, Kogtenkova O A, Straumal B B, et al. Inversed solid-phase grain boundary wetting in the Al-Zn system [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46: 4349 |
| [40] | Zhu C S, Liu B C, Jing T, et al. Dependence of dendritic side-branches on parameters in phase-field simulations [J]. Mater. Trans., 2005, 46: 15 |
| [41] | Elder K R, Katakowski M, Haataja M, et al. Modeling elasticity in crystal growth [J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2002, 88: 245701 |
| [42] | Straumal B B, Gornakova A S, Kogtenkova O A, et al. Continuous and discontinuous grain-boundary wetting in ZnxAl1-x [J]. Phys. Rev., 2008, 78B: 054202 |
| [43] | Kundin J, Chen H L, Siquieri R, et al. Investigation of the heterogeneous nucleation in a peritectic AlNi alloy [J]. Eur. Phys. J. Plus, 2011, 126: 96 |
| [44] | Kundin J, Wang P, Emmerich H, et al. Investigation of Al-Cu-Ni alloy solidification: Thermodynamics, experiments and phase-field modeling [J]. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., 2014, 223: 567 |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
