金属材料的组织定制
收稿日期: 2022-11-01
修回日期: 2023-02-22
网络出版日期: 2023-03-21
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(52031013)
Tailoring Microstructures of Metals
Received date: 2022-11-01
Revised date: 2023-02-22
Online published: 2023-03-21
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52031013)
根据性能需求设计组织是金属材料的重要发展方向。本工作提出了金属材料组织定制的新学术理念，其内涵是：基于材料物理本质进行介观尺度设计，建立组织与性能的量化关系，通过逆向精准调制并制备材料组织，满足材料服役性能需求。即，根据服役性能需求，首先进行组织筛选、跨尺度计算与组织要素量化，然后基于热力学和动力学调控进行组织制备，最后进行性能考核，迭代优化，实现组织定制。组织定制的前提是保证金属材料的纯净度和均质性，只有解决了材料的纯净性问题，夹杂物、杂质元素的影响作用才能排除；只有消除了宏观偏析缺陷的影响，材料才能实现均质性，材料的本征性能才能充分体现。本工作以航空发动机轴承用M50 (G80Cr4Mo4V)钢为例，介绍了在控制钢的纯净度和宏观偏析基础上，根据疲劳性能目标要求，指出粗大的共晶碳化物是影响疲劳性能的关键组织，进而对碳化物量化设计，最后通过控制碳化物尺寸、类型、形貌及演化行为满足了疲劳性能需求。随着冶金工业的技术进步，组织定制是金属材料学科发展的必然。依托材料计算与数据科学，在组织定制基础上，未来将逐步优化合金成分设计，实现贵金属元素减量化、微量化直至素化，从而节约资源，发展绿色材料。
李殿中 , 王培 . 金属材料的组织定制[J]. 金属学报, 2023 , 59(4) : 447 -456 . DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00555
In the light of the property requirements to design microstructures will become an important develop direction of metal materials. Here, a new concept of microstructure tailoring is proposed. The main features of microstructure tailoring include designing mesoscale microstructure, establishing quantitative relation between microstructures and properties, accurately inverse-designing and fabricating microstructures to satisfy the property requirements. It means screening, multi-scale calculation, and quantification of the essential microstructural factors should be performed first. Second, the microstructures are purposefully fabricated after adjusting the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformation. Third, the microstructures are assessed and tailored through iterative optimization. Microstructure tailoring must be preceded by purification and homogenization of metals. Only when the purity problem of materials is solved first, the influence of inclusions and impurity elements can be eliminated. Only by eliminating the macro-segregation can the material achieve homogeneity. And then the intrinsic properties of the material be fully reflected. As an example of microstructure tailoring, this study investigates the expected fatigue-life requirements of M50 (G80Cr4Mo4V) steels used for bearings in aircraft engines. By controlling the macro-segregation and purification, it is found that the fatigue-life of M50 steel mainly depends on primary carbides. And then the size, type, and morphology of the primary carbides are quantitatively tailored to fulfill the fatigue-life requirement. With technological developments in the metallurgy industry, microstructure tailoring will become a mainstay of the development of metals. And, applying data science and modeling along with microstructure tailoring technology, the alloy design will be gradually optimized in the future. The expensive metal addition will be reduced gradually, so as to save resources and develop green materials.
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