镁及其合金导热研究进展
收稿日期: 2021-11-30
修回日期: 2022-01-05
网络出版日期: 2022-04-18
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3701101);国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1505901)
Recent Progress on Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Its Alloys
Received date: 2021-11-30
Revised date: 2022-01-05
Online published: 2022-04-18
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3701101);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB1505901)
本文简要回顾了国内外镁合金导热行为和导热机制的研究工作，梳理了影响镁合金导热的因素，如固溶原子、变形和温度等。在此基础上，归纳总结了高导热镁合金的发展，并讨论了导热与力学性能之间的倒置关系，最后提出高导热镁合金的设计思路和发展方向。主要结论如下：固溶原子会导致晶格畸变而降低镁合金热导率，与其化合价、原子半径和原子核额外电子有关；第二相与Mg基体的界面会对电子运动产生阻碍作用，进而削弱热导性能，具体与其形貌、尺寸、分布和含量相关；对于变形镁合金，沿径向或法向方向的导热性能往往优于挤压或轧制方向；温度是影响镁合金热导率的重要因素，在不同的温度区间内，热导率的主要散射机制不同，一般需要对各温度区间分开讨论。未来关于导热镁合金的研究仍有必要继续深入，可以重点聚焦于以下方面：镁合金显微组织与其导热性能的关系量化；多元镁合金的导热行为及其导热模型的建立；高导热镁合金成分设计与组织控制；镁合金导热行为的物理本质探究。
曾小勤 , 王杰 , 应韬 , 丁文江 . 镁及其合金导热研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2022 , 58(4) : 400 -411 . DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00520
This article reviews recent progress on the thermal conductivity of magnesium and its alloys. First, lattice distortion induced by solute atoms negatively impacts the thermal conductivity of Mg alloys, which is correlated to three properties of solute atoms: atomic radius, chemical valency, and extra-nuclear electrons. Second, the formation of intermetallic compounds, which is accompanied by the creation of new phase interfaces that act as barriers to the movement of electrons, negatively impacts the thermal conductivity of Mg alloys. This negative effect is correlated to the morphology, size, distribution, and content of secondary phases. Thermal conductivity along the transverse or normal direction is superior to that along the extrusion or rolling direction for wrought Mg alloys with basal texture. Further, temperature significantly influences the thermal conductivity of Mg alloys; however, the underlying mechanisms vary depending on the temperature range and should be discussed separately. These aspects of research on Mg alloys with high thermal conductivity are still necessary in the future: quantifying the relationship between microstructure and thermal conductivity; thermal behavior of multicomponent Mg alloys and the establishment of its thermal conductivity model; compositional design and microstructural control of high thermal conductivity Mg alloys; physical nature of thermal behavior in Mg alloys.
| 1 | Ding W J. Science and Technology of Magnesium Alloy [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2007: 1 |
| 1 | 丁文江. 镁合金科学与技术 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007: 1 |
| 2 | Touloukian Y S, Powell R W, Ho C Y, et al. Thermal Conductivity: Metallic Elements and Alloys [M]. New York: IFI/Plenum, 1970: 1 |
| 3 | Mordike B L, Ebert T. Magnesium: Properties-applications-potential [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng, 2001, A302: 37 |
| 4 | Kaviany M, Kanury A M. Principles of heat transfer [J]. Appl. Mech. Rev., 2002, 55: B100 |
| 5 | Caro M, Béland L K, Samolyuk G D, et al. Lattice thermal conductivity of multi-component alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 648: 408 |
| 6 | Huang L, Liu S H, Du Y, et al. Thermal conductivity of the Mg-Al-Zn alloys: Experimental measurement and CALPHAD modeling [J]. Calphad, 2018, 62: 99 |
| 7 | Chen Y J, Zhang P, Wang R Z. Thermal conductivity measurements of solid materials at low temperatures [J]. Cryog. Supercond., 2010, 38(6): 1 |
| 7 | 陈艳婕, 张 鹏, 王如竹. 固体材料低温热导率的测量 [J]. 低温与超导, 2010, 38(6): 1 |
| 8 | Shahil K M F, Balandin A A. Thermal properties of graphene and multilayer graphene: Applications in thermal interface materials [J]. Solid State Commun., 2012, 152: 1331 |
| 9 | Sun W C, Wu G L. Test method for basic thermophysical properties of metals and insulating materials [J]. Chin. Space Sci. Technol., 1982, 2(1): 55 |
| 9 | 孙文超, 吴观乐. 金属和绝缘材料基本热物理性能测试方法 [J]. 中国空间科学技术, 1982, 2(1): 55 |
| 10 | Li K W, Liu Y W, Zhang J, et al. Thermal conductivity of graphene and its testing methods [J]. Chem. Bull., 2017, 80: 603 |
| 10 | 李坤威, 刘亚伟, 张 剑 等. 石墨烯导热性能及其测试方法 [J]. 化学通报, 2017, 80: 603 |
| 11 | Wang C M, Chen Y G, Xiao S F. Situation of research and development of thermal conductive magnesium alloys [J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2015, 44: 2596 |
| 11 | 王春明, 陈云贵, 肖素芬. 导热镁合金的研究与开发现状 [J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2015, 44: 2596 |
| 12 | Rzychoń T, Kie?bus A. The Influence of rare earth, strontium and calcium on the thermal diffusivity of Mg-Al alloys [J]. Defect. Diffus. Forum, 2011, 312-315: 824 |
| 13 | Rudajevová A, Kiehn J, Kainer K U, et al. Thermal diffusivity of short-fibre reinforced Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 1998, 40: 57 |
| 14 | Su C Y, Li D J, Luo A A, et al. Effect of solute atoms and second phases on the thermal conductivity of Mg-RE alloys: A quantitative study [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 747: 431 |
| 15 | Zhong L P, Peng J, Sun S, et al. Microstructure and thermal conductivity of as-cast and as-solutionized Mg-rare earth binary alloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33: 1240 |
| 16 | Pan H C, Pan F S, Yang R M, et al. Thermal and electrical conductivity of binary magnesium alloys [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2014, 49: 3107 |
| 17 | Ying T, Chi H, Zheng M Y, et al. Low-temperature electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of binary magnesium alloys [J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 80: 288 |
| 18 | Pan H C. Investigations on thermal conductivity of magnesium alloys [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2013 |
| 18 | 潘虎成. 镁合金导热性能的研究 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2013 |
| 19 | Zhong L P, Wang Y J, Gong M, et al. Effects of precipitates and its interface on thermal conductivity of Mg-12Gd alloy during aging treatment [J]. Mater. Charact., 2018, 138: 284 |
| 20 | Su C Y. Thermal mechanism of magnesium alloys based on solute atom and second phase [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2019 |
| 20 | 苏创业. 基于固溶原子和第二相的镁合金导热机制研究 [D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2019 |
| 21 | Dai X T, Ma M L, Zhang K, et al. Effect of Ce on microstructure and thermal conductivity of as-cast Mg-6Zn alloy [J]. J. Mater. Eng., 2020, 48(1): 92 |
| 21 | 代晓腾, 马鸣龙, 张 奎 等. Ce对铸态Mg-6Zn合金组织与导热性能的影响 [J]. 材料工程, 2020, 48(1): 92 |
| 22 | Eivani A R, Ahmed H, Zhou J, et al. Correlation between electrical resistivity, particle dissolution, precipitation of dispersoids, and recrystallization behavior of AA7020 aluminum alloy [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2009, 40A: 2435 |
| 23 | Pan H C, Pan F S, Wang X, et al. Correlation on the electrical and thermal conductivity for binary Mg-Al and Mg-Zn alloys [J]. Int. J. Thermophys., 2013, 34: 1336 |
| 24 | Dai X T, Ma M L, Li Y J, et al. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and thermal conductivity of Mg-6Zn-xCe alloy [J]. Chin. J. Nonferrrous Met., 2021, 31: 639 |
| 24 | 代晓腾, 马鸣龙, 李永军 等. 热处理对Mg-6Zn-xCe合金组织与导热性能的影响 [J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2021, 31: 639 |
| 25 | Su C Y, Li D J, Ying T, et al. Effect of Nd content and heat treatment on the thermal conductivity of Mg-Nd alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 685: 114 |
| 26 | Choi S W, Cho H S, Kumai S. Effect of the precipitation of secondary phases on the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of Al-4.5Cu alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 688: 897 |
| 27 | Zhao J, Li J M, Zhao L M, et al. Thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of Cu-37.67Zn-1.43A1 alloy with high pressure heat treatment [J]. Chin. J. Rare Met., 2015, 39: 97 |
| 27 | 赵 军, 李冀蒙, 赵陆民 等. 高压热处理对Cu-37.67Zn-1.43Al合金导热及导电性能的影响 [J]. 稀有金属, 2015, 39: 97 |
| 28 | Wang C M, Liu H M, Chen Y G, et al. Effect of precipitates on thermal conductivity of aged Mg-5Sn alloy [J]. Philos. Mag., 2017, 97: 1698 |
| 29 | Yuan J W, Zhang K, Zhang X H, et al. Thermal characteristics of Mg-Zn-Mn alloys with high specific strength and high thermal conductivity [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 578: 32 |
| 30 | Yuan J W, Li T, Li X G, et al. Homogenizing heat treatment and thermal conductivity of Mg-4Zn-1Mn magnesium alloy [J]. Trans. Mater. Heat Treat., 2012, 33(4): 27 |
| 30 | 袁家伟, 李 婷, 李兴刚 等. Mg-4Zn-1Mn镁合金均匀化热处理及导热率 [J]. 材料热处理学报, 2012, 33(4): 27 |
| 31 | Wang C M, Cui Z M, Liu H M, et al. Electrical and thermal conductivity in Mg-5Sn alloy at different aging status [J]. Mater. Des., 2015, 84: 48 |
| 32 | Page M A M, Weidenfeller B, Hartmann S. Influence of temperature and aging on the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of a zinc die casting alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 786: 1060 |
| 33 | Lin G Y, Zhang Z P, Wang H Y, et al. Enhanced strength and electrical conductivity of Al-Mg-Si alloy by thermo-mechanical treatment [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A650: 210 |
| 34 | Zhong L P, Peng J, Li M, et al. Effect of Ce addition on the microstructure, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Mg-0.5Mn alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 661: 402 |
| 35 | Ying T, Zheng M Y, Li Z T, et al. Thermal conductivity of as-cast and as-extruded binary Mg-Zn alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 621: 250 |
| 36 | Yuan J W, Zhang K, Li T, et al. Anisotropy of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties in Mg-5Zn-1Mn alloy [J]. Mater. Des., 2012, 40: 257 |
| 37 | Yang C B, Pan F S, Chen X H, et al. Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Sm-containing Mg-Zn-Zr alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34: 138 |
| 38 | Liu Y F, Jia X J, Qiao X G, et al. Effect of La content on microstructure, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Mg-4Al magnesium alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 806: 71 |
| 39 | Pan H C, Pan F S, Peng J, et al. High-conductivity binary Mg-Zn sheet processed by cold rolling and subsequent aging [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 578: 493 |
| 40 | Ying T, Zheng M Y, Li Z T, et al. Thermal conductivity of as-cast and as-extruded binary Mg-Al alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 608: 19 |
| 41 | Pan Q S, Zhang L X, Feng R, et al. Gradient cell-structured high-entropy alloy with exceptional strength and ductility [J]. Science, 2021, 374: 984 |
| 42 | Zhong L, Peng J, Sun Y, et al. Microstructure and thermal conductivity of as-cast and as-extruded binary Mg-Mn alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33: 92 |
| 43 | Ying T. Thermal behavior of pure magnesium and binaray magnesium alloys [D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2015 |
| 43 | 应 韬. 纯镁和二元镁合金的导热行为研究 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2015 |
| 44 | Galeazzi M, Bogorin D F, Prasai K, et al. Note: Thermal properties of magnesium in the 60-150 mK range [J]. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2010, 81: 076105 |
| 45 | Bakhtiyarov S I, Overfelt R A, Teodorescu S G. Electrical and thermal conductivity measurements on commercial magnesium alloys [A]. Proceedings of Magnesium Technology 2003 [C]. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2003: 129 |
| 46 | Rudajevová A, Kúdela S, Staněk M, et al. Thermal properties of Mg-Li and Mg-Li-Al alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2003, 19: 1097 |
| 47 | Yamasaki M, Kawamura Y. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of Mg-Zn-rare earth element alloys with long-period stacking ordered phase [J]. Scr. Mater., 2009, 60: 264 |
| 48 | Kemp W R G, Sreedhar A K, White G K. The thermal conductivity of magnesium at low temperatures [J]. Proc. Phys. Soc., 1953, 66A: 1077 |
| 49 | Ho C Y, Ackerman M W, Wu K Y, et al. Thermal conductivity of ten selected binary alloy systems [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1978, 7: 959 |
| 50 | Peet M J, Hasan H S, Bhadeshia H K D H. Prediction of thermal conductivity of steel [J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2011, 54: 2602 |
| 51 | Chester G V, Thellung A. The law of wiedemann and franz [J]. Proc. Phys. Soc., 1961, 77: 1005 |
| 52 | Yuan J W. Study on properties of Mg-Zn-Mn alloys with high thermal conductivity [D]. Beijing: General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, 2013 |
| 52 | 袁家伟. 高导热Mg-Zn-Mn合金及其性能研究 [D]. 北京: 北京有色金属研究总院, 2013 |
| 53 | Ren L B, Quan G F, Jiang Z Z, et al. Atmospheric heat dispersion research of Mg-Al-Zn magnesium alloys [J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2017, 46: 1265 |
| 53 | 任凌宝, 权高峰, 江柱中 等. Mg-Al-Zn系镁合金在大气中的散热性能研究 [J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2017, 46: 1265 |
| 54 | Li S B, Yang X Y, Hou J T, et al. A review on thermal conductivity of magnesium and its alloys [J]. J. Magnes. Alloy., 2020, 8: 78 |
| 55 | Zhong L P. Research on thermal conductivity of Mg-RE alloys and the development of high thermal conductivity of magnesium alloys [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2016 |
| 55 | 钟丽萍. 稀土镁合金导热性能及高导热镁合金研究 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2016 |
| 56 | Liu X Q, Wu Y J, Liu Z L, et al. Thermal and electrical conductivity of as-cast Mg-4Y-xZn alloys [J]. Mater. Res. Express, 2018, 5: 066532 |
| 57 | Li G Q, Zhang J H, Wu R Z, et al. Development of high mechanical properties and moderate thermal conductivity cast Mg alloy with multiple RE via heat treatment [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34: 1076 |
| 58 | Agarwal R, Fries S G, Lukas H L, et al. Assessment of the Mg-Zn system [J]. Int. J. Mater. Res., 1992, 83: 216 |
| 59 | Zhou L, Huang Y D, Mao P L, et al. Investigations on hot tearing of Mg-Zn-(Al) alloys [A]. Magnesium Technology 2011 [M]. Cham: Springer, 2011: 125 |
| 60 | Zhou L, Huang Y D, Mao P L, et al. Influence of composition on hot tearing in binary Mg-Zn alloys [J]. Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2011, 24: 170 |
| 61 | Wang J, Zhu G M, Wang L Y, et al. Origins of high ductility exhibited by an extruded magnesium alloy Mg-1.8Zn-0.2Ca: Experiments and crystal plasticity modeling [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 84: 27 |
| 62 | Peng J, Zhong L P, Wang Y J, et al. Effect of Ce addition on thermal conductivity of Mg-2Zn-1Mn alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 639: 556 |
| 63 | Pan H, Pan F, Wang X, et al. High conductivity and high strength Mg-Zn-Cu alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30: 759 |
| 64 | Li B C, Hou L G, Wu R Z, et al. Microstructure and thermal conductivity of Mg-2Zn-Zr alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 722: 772 |
| 65 | Chartrand P, Pelton A D. Critical evaluation and optimization of the thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the Al-Mg, Al-Sr, Mg-Sr, and Al-Mg-Sr systems [J]. J. Phase Equil., 1994, 15: 591 |
| 66 | Zhu G M, Wang L Y, Wang J, et al. Highly deformable Mg-Al-Ca alloy with Al2Ca precipitates [J]. Acta Mater., 2020, 200: 236 |
| 67 | Rudajevová A, Luká? P. Comparison of the thermal properties of AM20 and AS21 magnesium alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, A397: 16 |
| 68 | Rudajevová A, Staněk M, Luká? P. Determination of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of Mg-Al alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2003, A341: 152 |
| 69 | Peng J, Zhong L P, Wang Y J, et al. Effect of extrusion temperature on the microstructure and thermal conductivity of Mg-2.0Zn-1.0Mn-0.2Ce alloys [J]. Mater. Des., 2015, 87: 914 |
| 70 | Massalski T B, Okamoto H. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams [M]. Okamoto: ASM International, 1990: 1 |
| 71 | Masoumi M, Hoseini M, Pekguleryuz M. The influence of Ce on the microstructure and rolling texture of Mg-1%Mn alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2011, A528: 3122 |
| 72 | Stanford N. The effect of calcium on the texture, microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-Mn-Ca alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng, 2010, A528: 314 |
| 73 | Han G, Ma G L, Liu X F. Effect of manganese on the microstructure of Mg-3Al alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 486: 136 |
| 74 | Wang J, Wang L Y, Zhu G M, et al. Understanding the high strength and good ductility in LPSO-containing Mg alloy using synchrotron X-ray diffraction [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2018, 49A: 5382 |
| 75 | Rudajevová A, von Buch F, Mordike B L. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of MgSc alloys [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 1999, 292: 27 |
| 76 | Chen C J, Wang Q D, Yin D D. Thermal properties of Mg-11Y-5Gd-2Zn-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 487: 560 |
| 77 | Xiang S L, Gupta M, Wang X J, et al. Enhanced overall strength and ductility of magnesium matrix composites by low content of graphene nanoplatelets [J]. Composites, 2017, 100A: 183 |
| 78 | Hou J T, Du W B, Parande G, et al. Significantly enhancing the strength + ductility combination of Mg-9Al alloy using multi-walled carbon nanotubes [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 790: 974 |
| 79 | Deng K K, Wang C J, Nie K B, et al. Recent research on the deformation behavior of particle reinforced magnesium matrix composite: A review [J]. Acta Metall. Sin. (Eng. Lett.), 2019, 32: 413 |
| 80 | Hou J T, Du W B, Wang Z H, et al. Combination of enhanced thermal conductivity and strength of MWCNTs reinforced Mg-6Zn matrix composite [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2020, 838: 155573 |
| 81 | Yao F J, You G Q, Zeng S, et al. Fabrication, microstructure, and thermal conductivity of multilayered Cu mesh/AZ31 Mg foil composites [J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, 14: 1539 |
| 82 | Ma H B, Wang J H, Wang H Y, et al. Influence of nano-diamond content on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of the ZK60 composites [J]. J. Magnes. Alloys, doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.03.034 |
| 83 | Hou L G, Wu R Z, Wang X D, et al. Microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the short carbon fiber reinforced magnesium matrix composites [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 695: 2820 |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
