系统地研究了在经受多重热循环的作用下,P92钢板中焊接残余应力的演化过程与形成机理。基于SYSWELD有限元软件,开发了计及“热-冶金-力学”耦合的计算方法,数值模拟了Satoh试验和2道重熔平板接头的应力场。在数值模拟中,详细考虑了固态相变引起的体积变化、屈服强度变化和相变塑性对残余应力形成过程的影响。同时,采用了盲孔(HD)法和X射线衍射(XRD)法测量了P92钢两道非熔化极气体保护焊(TIG)重熔的平板接头残余应力分布。计算结果和实验结果表明2者吻合较好,验证了所采用的计算方法的有效性和准确性。模拟结果表明,P92钢两道重熔平板接头的纵向残余应力呈现出清晰的拉-压相间分布形态。每道焊缝及其热影响区(HAZ)的纵向残余应力为压应力,HAZ外侧附近产生了较大的纵向拉应力。此外,还采用数值模拟方法探究了横向拘束对焊接残余应力的影响,数值模拟结果表明,横向约束可以明显降低横向残余应力,特别是焊缝端部的应力峰值。

P92 steel is a typical 9%~12%Cr ferrite heat-resistant steel with good high temperature creep resistance, relatively low linear expansion coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance, so it is one of important structural materials used in supercritical thermal power plants. Fusion welding technology has been widely used to assemble the parts in thermal power plant. When the supercritical unit is in service, its parts are constantly subjected to combination of tensile, bending, twisting and impact loads under high temperature and high pressure, and many problems such as creep, fatigue and brittle fracture often occur. It has been recognized that welding residual stress has a significant impact on creep, fatigue and brittle fracture, so it is necessary to study the residual stress of P92 steel welded joints. The evolution and formation mechanism of welding residual stress in P92 steel joints under multiple thermal cycles were investigated in this work. Based on SYSWELD software, a computational approach considering the couplings among thermal, microstructure and mechanics was developed to simulate welding residual stress in P92 steel joints. Using the developed computational tool, the evolution of residual stress in Satoh test specimens was studied, and welding residual stress distribution in double-pass welded joints was calculated. In the numerical models, the influences of volume change, yield strength variation and plasticity induced by phase transformation on welding residual stress were taken into account in details. Meanwhile, the hole-drilling method and XRD method were employed to measure the residual stress distribution in the double-pass welded joints. The simulated results match the experimental measurements well, and the comparison between measurements and predictions suggests that the computational approach developed by the current study can more accurately predict welding residual stress in multi-pass P92 steel joints. The simulated results show that the longitudinal residual stress distribution around the fusion zone has a clear tension-compression pattern. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses generated in the fusion zone and heat affected-zone (HAZ) in each pass, while tensile stresses produced near the HAZs. In addition, the numerical simulation also suggests that the transverse constraint has a large influence on the transverse residual stress, while it has an insignificant effect on the longitudinal residual stress.