师昌绪先生领导的铸造高温合金团队80年代初开始了低偏析技术的研究。将低偏析技术扩展应用到火电大轴用30Cr2Ni4MoV钢、核电蒸发器传热管用690合金以及核燃料用铀合金。通过解剖3支百吨常压电弧炉熔炼的30Cr2Ni4MoV钢锭,发现控制微量元素O、Al含量可以显著减少偏析。研究了690合金、U-6Nb合金与高碳铀的凝固行为,S、N扩大了690合金的凝固温度区间,并且S的影响大于N的影响;通过控制微量元素S、N含量可使690合金组织中成分均匀。在具有放射性元素的U-6Nb合金和高碳铀中,计算了U-6Nb的凝固温度区间为183 ℃;在高碳铀中,当C含量由0.01%增加到0.03%时,其凝固温度区间由40 ℃增加到了75 ℃;C扩大了高碳铀的凝固温度区间。U-6Nb合金和高碳铀的凝固偏析严重,采用低偏析技术控制U-6Nb合金中的C、N、O含量及高碳铀中C、O含量,达到了减轻凝固偏析的效果,表明低偏析技术具有普适性。

The minor element in alloy greatly aggravate the segregation of main elements and formation of harmful phase, resulting the deterioration of mechanical properties. Low segregation technology of cast superalloy was pioneered by Prof. Shi Changxu and co-workers in the early eighties. The technology is to control the content of minor element, such as P, Si, B and Zr, to lower the solidification segregation in the super-alloy. The working temperature and mechanical properties of superalloy can be increased greatly by using the low segregation technology. A series of alloys, such as M17 and GH738 with low segregation and excellent properties, had been developed. This study extends low segregation technology to 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel of large shaft for thermal power equipment, 690 alloy for steam generator tube in nuclear power plant, and uranium alloy for nuclear fuel. The solidification and segregation behaviour in the 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel was investigated, it is found that the minor elements of O and Al are essential for the formation of serious solidification segregation in the steel. Moreover, the solidification behavior of 690 alloy has been studied. S and N increases solidification interval, and the effect of S is greater than that of N. The solidification segregation of 690 alloy can be alleviated by controlling the contents of the S and N. Finally, the solidification temperature interval of high carbon uranium is calculated. With the car bon content increasing from 0.01% to 0.03%, the solidification interval is from 40 ℃ to 75 ℃. Thus, for the radioactive uranium alloys, minor elements show segregation to some extent in the residual liquids of final solidification zone. The minor elements in U-6Nb alloy are C, N and O. For uranium with high carbon content, the minor elements are C and O.