热处理对选区激光熔化GH4169合金阻燃性能的影响
Effect of Heat Treatment on Flame Retardant Property of GH4169 Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
通讯作者: 张 健,jianzhang@imr.ac.cn,主要从事高温合金的研究; 张少华,zhangshaohua@imr.ac.cn,主要从事高温合金的研究
收稿日期: 2024-10-21 修回日期: 2025-03-09
| 基金资助: |
|
Corresponding authors: ZHANG Shaohua, associate professor, Tel:
Received: 2024-10-21 Revised: 2025-03-09
| Fund supported: |
|
作者简介 About authors
周家轩,男,2000年生,硕士
GH4169合金作为航空航天发动机关键热端部件的核心材料,在高温富氧服役环境中存在金属燃烧的风险。本工作基于自主研制的金属材料富氧燃烧实验设备,研究了热处理对选区激光熔化制备的GH4169合金阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,沉积态样品具有典型的鱼鳞状熔池形貌,在枝晶间和晶界处析出大量低熔点Laves相。合金经过980 ℃固溶处理后,Laves相大量溶解,并在晶界和枝晶间析出针状和短棒状δ-Ni3Nb相。当固溶温度提高至1080 ℃时,析出相数量显著降低,晶内为少量纳米级颗粒状Laves相,晶界析出块状碳化物相。富氧燃烧实验结果表明,沉积态样品的阻燃性能最差,1080 ℃热处理样品的阻燃性能最优,而980 ℃热处理样品的性能居中。燃烧区组织分析发现,GH4169合金的阻燃性能与析出相种类和数量有关。Laves相富含高燃烧热的Nb元素,且熔点较低,在燃烧时会优先熔化并参与燃烧,从而加速燃烧反应进程,这使得沉积态样品的阻燃性能最差;晶界作为O元素快速扩散通道,是易发生燃烧的位置,由于980 ℃热处理样品的晶界处析出了大量富含Nb元素的δ相,造成980 ℃热处理样品的阻燃性能较1080 ℃热处理样品有所下降。因此,消除低熔点相和控制晶界析出相类型是提升GH4169合金阻燃性能的关键。
关键词:
With the advancement of high-thrust liquid rocket engine toward higher chamber pressure and specific impulse, the turbine pump system of the gas generator is being increasingly exposed to extreme high-temperature and high-pressure oxygen-enriched environments. This exacerbates the risk of metal-oxidation combustion failure of superalloy components. The production of high-performance and complex-structured superalloy parts via selective laser melting technology has emerged as a key research area in the manufacture of critical aerospace components. Therefore, the investigation of the oxygen-enriched combustion mechanism of high-temperature alloy materials fabricated using the selective laser melting technology is of great practical significance. This study investigated the effect of heat treatment on the flame retardant property of GH4169 alloy produced via selective laser melting using self-developed experimental equipment designed for oxygen-enriched combustion testing of metal materials. A high-speed camera was used to observe and record the combustion process. The microstructure and combustion morphology of the alloy were analyzed using OM, SEM, and EDS. The as-deposited sample exhibited a typical fish-scale molten pool morphology, with numerous low-melting-point Laves phases precipitating in the interdendritic regions and grain boundaries. Following heat treatment at 980 oC, most Laves phases dissolved, and needle-like and short rod-like δ-Ni3Nb phases precipitated at the grain boundaries and in the interdendritic regions. Upon increasing the solution temperature to 1080 oC, the volume fraction of precipitated phases was significantly reduced. Consequently, only a small number of nano-sized Laves particles were formed within the grains and a certain amount of blocky carbides were located at the grain boundaries. Combustion resistance testing revealed that the as-deposited sample exhibited the poorest resistance, whereas samples heat-treated at 1080 oC demonstrated the highest resistance. Further, microstructural analysis confirmed that the combustion behavior was closely related to the type and volume fraction of the precipitates within the matrix. Laves phases with high Nb content melted early in the combustion, thereby accelerating the reaction owing to the high combustion heat of Nb. The δ phases formed after heat treatment at 980 oC also promoted combustion. Thus, these findings suggest that eliminating the low-melting-point phases and controlling the types of precipitated phases are key strategies for enhancing the flame retardant properties of GH4169 alloy.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
周家轩, 司宏丽, 张桂淋, 张少华, 张健, 田艳中, 庞学永.
ZHOU Jiaxuan, SI Hongli, ZHANG Guilin, ZHANG Shaohua, ZHANG Jian, TIAN Yanzhong, PANG Xueyong.
近年来,许多研究者[9~19]对金属材料的燃烧行为和机理进行了大量研究,为评价其使用安全性奠定了理论基础。Slusser和Miller[8]发现,纯Ni和IN600合金具有优异的阻燃性能,而奥氏体不锈钢和Al的阻燃性能相对较差。Zawierucha等[10]比较了Haynes25、IN625以及IN65等合金的阻燃性能,发现Haynes25合金的阻燃性能最好。黄进峰等[12~14]在2 MPa氧压下对GH4202、GH4169和GH4586等高温合金进行了富氧燃烧实验。结果表明,合金在富氧环境下会以液相进行燃烧,燃烧热较高的合金阻燃性能较差,而燃烧热较低的合金阻燃性能较好。最新研究[15~19]表明,合金的显微组织、燃烧过程中的相变以及氧化物的演变等因素都会影响合金的燃烧行为和阻燃性能。例如,Shao等[17]在对Ti-25V-15Cr和Ti-6Al-4V合金的研究中指出,点火温度受合金元素的影响,Cr和V的添加提高了合金点火温度,在燃烧过程中α + β双相结构发生包晶反应,使其燃烧速率低于单一的α相;在对TC4和TC11合金的研究[18]中发现,燃烧过程中液相+ α相→TiO的共晶反应是提高燃烧速率的关键因素。曹姝婷等[19]对GH4061合金开展高压富氧燃烧实验,揭示了燃烧过程中氧化物的产生及演化行为,并对燃烧过程进行了热力学分析,进一步阐明了合金的燃烧机理。
本工作基于自主研制的富氧燃烧设备,通过热处理调控SLM制备GH4169合金的显微组织,并进行了富氧燃烧实验,研究不同组织形貌SLM制备GH4169合金的富氧燃烧行为,揭示析出相对SLM制备高温合金阻燃性能的影响机理。
1 实验方法
1.1 实验材料
表1 GH4169粉末的主要化学成分和金属元素的燃烧热
Table 1
| Element | Mass fraction / % | Hc / (kJ·mol-1) |
|---|---|---|
| Ni | 53.00 | 240 |
| Cr | 19.50 | 565 |
| Nb | 5.10 | 967 |
| Mo | 3.05 | 751 |
| Ti | 0.90 | 912 |
| Al | 0.90 | 842 |
| C | 0.05 | - |
| Fe | Bal. | 364 |
垂直于打印方向制备9根直径16 mm、长度130 mm的试棒。打印完成的试棒按表2所示3种制度进行热处理,其中AS代表沉积态样品,980SDA和1080SDA分别代表980和1080 ℃固溶热处理后的样品。将不同热处理后的试棒通过线切割、打磨等机械加工方法,加工成直径3.17 mm、长120 mm的细棒作为燃烧试棒。
表 2 选区激光熔化制备GH4169合金的热处理制度
Table 2
| Sample | Solution treatment | Age hardening |
|---|---|---|
| AS | None | None |
| 980SDA | 980 oC, 1 h (AC) | 720 oC, 8 h (FC, 50 oC·h-1) + 620 oC, 8 h (AC) |
| 1080SDA | 1080 oC, 1 h (AC) | 720 oC, 8 h (FC, 50 oC·h-1) + 620 oC, 8 h (AC) |
1.2 富氧燃烧实验
促燃法(promoted ignition-combustion,PIC)实验在自主研制的设备上进行,参照美国材料试验协会标准ASTM G124-18,试样悬挂方式如图1a所示。Al作为助燃剂置于试棒下端与试棒紧密相连,在助燃剂外缠绕Ni-Cr电阻丝用于点燃试棒。首先使用纯O2吹扫罐体内部3次,将腔内空气排尽。随后将腔内充入纯O2到预定的实验压力,并用GC112A气相色谱仪检测腔室内O2的浓度。当腔室内的O2浓度和压强达到要求时,启动点火程序,利用大电流加热电阻丝并点燃助燃剂,使样品燃烧。样品燃烧过程采用MEMRECAM Q2m高速相机拍摄记录(1080SDA样品在5.0 MPa氧压下的燃烧过程如图1b~k所示),并通过拍摄的画面计算燃烧速率。本实验的O2浓度均大于99.5%,实验温度为室温(25 ℃),实验压强为3.5~6.0 MPa,为了保证实验数据的可靠性,在相同氧压下的PIC实验至少重复3次。
图1
图1
实验腔室内部试棒放置方式和1080SDA样品在5.0 MPa氧压下的燃烧过程
(b) ignite the promoter (c-i) a burn-drop cycle (j, k) the end of burning
Fig.1
Experimental setup in promoted ignition-combustion (PIC) test chamber (a), and combustion processes of the 1080SDA sample at an oxygen pressure of 5.0 MPa (b-k)
1.3 材料表征
由于不同压力下燃烧后合金的显微组织相近,本工作选取5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后的样品作为研究对象,采用线切割将不同热处理样品沿燃烧区域纵截面切开,将切取的样品进行镶样、砂纸打磨、机械抛光和化学腐蚀(50 mL CH3CH2OH + 50 mL HCl + 5 g CuCl2)处理,并采用GX71倒置金相显微镜(OM)和带有能谱仪(EDS)的JSM-6301F扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察燃烧区域的组织形貌。在远离燃烧区的位置沿燃烧试棒的纵截面切取金相样品(尺寸为直径3.17 mm、长10 mm)和差示扫描热分析样品(尺寸为直径3.17 mm、长2 mm),金相样品经打磨抛光后进行电解腐蚀(10 mL H2SO4 + 150 mL H3PO4),并采用SEM观察不同热处理样品中析出相的变化。在SEM下对不同热处理样品在10000倍数下拍摄10组照片,利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件统计Laves相和δ相的体积分数。差示扫描热分析样品表面磨光,经超声清洗10 min后称重,利用NETZSCH DSC 404 C差示扫描量热仪(DSC)检测GH4169合金熔点和Laves相熔点,实验过程参照GB/T1425—1996标准进行。实验采用高纯Al2O3坩埚,经过1450 ℃高温焙烧后,在样品坩埚内放入待测样品。实验过程采用高纯Ar气保护,充气速率为60 mL/min。测试程序为:室温下以10 ℃/min速率升至1450 ℃,保温5 min,再以10 ℃/min速率降温至200 ℃。
2 实验结果
2.1 不同热处理样品的显微组织
图2为不同热处理样品显微组织的SEM像。沉积态样品为典型的鱼鳞状熔池形貌(图2a),这与文献[23,25,26]报道的形貌一致。在成形过程中,由于凝固速率极快,导致强化相γ'-Ni3(Al, Ti)和γ"-Ni3Nb析出被抑制,在枝晶间和晶界析出了岛链状且富含Nb、Ti等元素的Laves相[27,28],其体积分数为9.8% ± 0.5% (图2a1)。经热处理后,980SDA样品中Laves相大量溶解,变为纳米级颗粒状分布在原始枝晶边界位置,体积分数降至2.1% ± 0.2%。由于980 ℃固溶温度处于δ-Ni3Nb相的析出区间,Laves相中富含的Nb元素为δ相的析出提供了形核点[29,30],因此可以观察到大量针状和短棒状的δ相在枝晶间和晶界析出,其体积分数为6.4% ± 0.5% (图2b和2b1)。此外,晶粒内还存在双时效处理过程中脱溶析出的γ'/γ"强化相[29~31] (图2b1中插图)。1080SDA样品中δ相完全溶解,释放出更多的强化元素Nb,经双时效后在晶粒内析出了更多的γ'/γ"强化相(图2c1中插图),而晶界处仅残留了少量的块状碳化物(图2c1)。由于Laves相难以通过热处理完全消除[23,28],在原始的枝晶间和晶界处仍残留了部分Laves相,但体积分数下降到1.8% ± 0.2%。此外,为研究燃烧过程中Laves相的燃烧行为,测试了3种样品的DSC曲线,如图3所示。Laves相的熔化温度约为 1165 ℃,显著低于合金的液相线温度(1350 ℃)。由于热处理后Laves相基本溶解,因此AS样品中Laves相熔化峰显著高于热处理态样品。
图2
图2
不同热处理样品显微组织的SEM像
Fig.2
Low (a-c) and high (a1-c1) magnified SEM images of samples suffering different heat treatments (Insets in Figs.2b1 and c1 are the locally enlarged images of square regions showing γ'/γ" strengthening phases) (a, a1) AS (b, b1) 980SDA (c, c1) 1080SDA
图3
图3
不同热处理样品的DSC升温曲线
Fig.3
DSC heating curves of samples suffering different heat treatments
2.2 阻燃性能
图4为不同热处理样品在不同压强下燃烧后的宏观形貌。材料的阻燃性能可以通过试棒的燃烧长度和燃烧速率来表征[12~19]。可以看出,随着氧压的增加,燃烧剩余样品的长度变短。图5为不同热处理样品在不同压强下的平均燃烧长度和平均燃烧速率。3种状态样品中,AS样品在相同压强下燃烧长度最长,燃烧速率最快,因此其阻燃性能最差;而1080SDA样品燃烧长度最短,燃烧速率最低,拥有最优的阻燃性能;980SDA样品的阻燃性能居于两者之间。根据ASTM G124-18标准,燃烧长度小于3 cm可判断为不燃烧,因此AS、980SDA和1080SDA样品的临界燃烧压力分别约为3.7、5.0和5.3 MPa。与已报道的GH4169合金临界燃烧压力为3.5 MPa[19]相比可以得出,SLM制备工艺可以提升材料的阻燃性能。
图4
图4
不同热处理样品在不同氧压下燃烧后的宏观形貌
(a) AS (b) 980SDA (c) 1080SDA
Fig.4
Macroscopic morphologies of samples suffering different heat treatments after combustions at different oxygen pressures (Inset in Fig.4a shows the combustion zone)
图5
图5
不同热处理样品在不同氧压下的平均燃烧长度和平均燃烧速率
Fig.5
Average combustion lengths (a) and average combustion rates (b) of samples suffering different heat treatments after combustion at different oxygen pressures
2.3 燃烧后样品的组织形貌
图6为不同热处理样品在氧压为5.0 MPa时燃烧区域截面组织的OM像。可以看出,不同热处理样品燃烧区的宏观形貌相似,可以将燃烧后的区域划分为燃烧前沿(combustion front)、熔化区(fusion zone)、过渡区(transition zone)以及热影响区(heat affected zone,HAZ)。
图6
图6
不同热处理样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后燃烧区域截面组织的OM像
(a) AS (b) 980SDA (c) 1080SDA
Fig.6
Cross sectional OM images of combustion zone of samples suffering different heat treatments after combustion at an oxygen pressure of 5.0 MPa (HAZ—heat affected zone)
2.3.1 热影响区和过渡区
图7为不同热处理样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后热影响区组织形貌的SEM像。AS样品在靠近过渡区位置存在大量尺寸不一的圆形孔洞,而980SDA和1080SDA样品中仅存在少量较大尺寸的孔洞。EDS分析结果表明,在孔洞中心分布的白色析出相为Laves相。
图7
图7
不同热处理样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后热影响区组织形貌的SEM像
Fig.7
Low (a-c) and locally high (d-f) magnified SEM images of the HAZ of samples suffering different heat treatments after combustion at an oxygen pressure of 5.0 MPa (a, d) AS (b, e) 980SDA (c, f) 1080SDA
图8
图8
不同热处理样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后过渡区组织形貌的OM像和SEM像
Fig.8
OM (a-c) and SEM (d-f) images of the transition zone of samples suffering different heat treatments after combustion at an oxygen pressure of 5.0 MPa (Circles in Figs.8d-f show dendritic hole morphologies) (a, d) AS (b, e) 980SDA (c, f)1080SDA
2.3.2 熔化区和燃烧前沿
熔化区为燃烧剩余金属凝固后形成的区域。从图6可以看出,不同热处理样品在熔化区位置均存在大量的球形氧化物。研究[14,19]表明,熔化区球形氧化物为燃烧前沿熔融氧化物凝固上浮以及O向内扩散反应所形成,其成分与燃烧前沿氧化物的成分相似。图9为不同热处理样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后熔化区典型的球形氧化物形貌的SEM像和EDS元素分析。球形氧化物中黑灰色氧化物(black-gray oxide)和灰色氧化物(grey oxide)中含有较多的Al、Cr、Ti元素,两种氧化物主要分布在枝晶干位置,而富Nb、Ti、Cr的氧化物为灰白色(gray-white oxide),大部分分布在枝晶间。此外,球形氧化物中基本不含Ni、Fe和Mo元素,这与文献[19]报道的结果一致。对比不同热处理样品中灰白色氧化物的成分可以发现,随着热处理温度升高,灰白色氧化物中的Nb元素含量显著降低。
图9
图9
不同热处理样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后熔化区典型的球形氧化物的SEM像和EDS元素分析
Fig.9
SEM images (a-c) and EDS analysis results (a1-c1) of typical spherical oxides in the melting zone of samples suffering different heat treatments after combustion at an oxygen pressure of 5.0 MPa (a, a1) AS (b, b1) 980SDA (c, c1) 1080SDA
图10
图10
1080SDA样品在5.0 MPa氧压下燃烧后燃烧前沿氧化物形貌的SEM像以及EDS元素面扫描图
Fig.10
Low (a) and locally high (b) magnified SEM images of oxide morphology and corresponding EDS elemental distribution mappings of 1080SDA sample at the combustion front after combustion at an oxygen pressure of 5.0 MPa
3 分析与讨论
3.1 燃烧过程分析
点火开始时,试棒底部的铝帽在加热电阻丝的作用下被点燃。铝帽的质量约为0.25 g,燃烧热为842 kJ/mol,铝帽完全燃烧可以释放出高达7800 J的燃烧热。而GH4169合金的比热容约为0.435 J/(g·K),被包裹的部分质量约0.3 g,根据公式q = mcΔT计算可知(其中,q为铝帽释放的热量,m为试棒的质量,c为GH4169合金的比热容,ΔT为试棒温度的变化量),铝帽释放的热量可以使试棒底端的温度瞬间达到上万摄氏度,但铝帽释放的热量不能被完全吸收。根据Bransford[32]报道,GH4169合金在高压富氧条件下发生燃烧时,火焰温度可高达2773 K。因此,试样经点燃后底端会瞬间熔化并与周围大量的O2发生反应。
GH4169合金的燃烧过程为选择性燃烧[14],燃烧热较高的Al、Ti、Cr等元素优先燃烧,并生成大量的熔融氧化物并附着在燃烧前沿,同时释放出大量的热,促进固/液界面向上移动。燃烧热较低的元素Ni和Fe少量参与燃烧,不断地在熔化区富集(图10)。随着燃烧反应的进行,试棒前端熔融氧化物液滴逐渐变大,在重力的作用下最终滴落(图1c~e)。熔融氧化物的脱落会带走大量热量,削弱燃烧反应的进行。但脱落的熔融氧化物使得熔融基体重新暴露继续与O2反应(图1f),燃烧过程如此循环(图1i和j)。燃烧前沿中的Cr、Al元素可以生成稳定、致密的连续熔融液态氧化层并附着在燃烧前沿(图10),从而有效地阻碍O向内扩散。同时,O在熔化区熔融的Ni、Fe中的溶解度较低[32],这也会进一步削弱燃烧反应的进行。此外,从图9可以看出,熔化区生成的熔融球形氧化物也会进一步降低O的溶解度。以上因素都有可能导致燃烧的终止。当燃烧反应释放的热量不再足以维持大液滴生成时,燃烧前沿富Cr、Al等元素的氧化物逐渐凝固,形成致密的氧化层(图10),燃烧反应终止(图1k)。燃烧结束后,由于试棒外侧与周围流动的气体接触,热量快速散失,从而在过渡区外侧生成较细的枝晶,而中心区域冷速较慢,生成较粗的枝晶(图8a~c)。由于先凝固区域的体积收缩可以由未凝固的液态金属来补缩,而最后凝固的区域,其体积收缩得不到补充,最终在靠近过渡区中心位置留下树枝晶状的孔洞(图8e和f)。
3.2 析出相对阻燃性能的影响
根据上述讨论可知,合金燃烧的进行主要取决于合金中高燃烧热元素与O的反应情况,当合金中的高燃烧热元素以不同形式的沉淀相在合金基体中存在时,势必会对合金的燃烧行为产生影响,进而影响材料的阻燃性能。
对比图2a1~c1可以看出,AS样品与980和1080 ℃热处理样品组织的区别主要是存在岛链状Laves相。根据图3可知,Laves相的熔化温度显著低于合金的液相线温度。因此,在燃烧过程中,Laves相会较基体优先熔化,AS样品燃烧后在过渡区产生大量Laves相熔化孔洞(图7d)。更重要的是,Laves相富含高燃烧热元素Nb (表1),在试样燃烧过程中,熔融Laves相中的Nb来不及向周围扩散,优先燃烧,从而造成AS样品的熔化区球形氧化物中Nb含量明显高于其他热处理样品(图9a1)。同时,连接在一起的岛链状Laves相先熔化,在燃烧时一方面持续向燃烧前沿输送燃烧热较高的Nb、Ti等元素,另一方面也为O向试样内部扩散提供了快速通道,从而显著增加了燃烧前沿温度,加速燃烧反应的进行。因此,AS样品的阻燃性能最差。
相关研究[17,34]表明,在燃烧过程中,O原子会优先在晶界处发生燃烧反应,随后向晶内扩散。经热处理后,晶界、枝晶间Laves相大量溶解,晶粒内部弥散分布的纳米级γ'/γ"强化相使得高燃烧热元素分布更加均匀,高燃烧热Nb元素的燃烧反应被削弱,阻燃性能得到明显提升。但是,980SDA样品中由于析出大量δ相使得高燃烧热元素Nb仍在枝晶间和晶界富集。与1080SDA样品相比,980SDA样品熔化区球形氧化物中较高的Nb含量(图9b1和c1)也说明,燃烧时980SDA样品晶界处富Nb的δ相仍会促进燃烧。相比之下,1080SDA样品中晶界和枝晶间的δ相基本消失,Laves相也进一步溶解,双时效后晶粒内部析出了更多纳米级的γ'/γ"强化相,基体中的高燃烧热元素分布更加弥散均匀。相较于AS样品和980SDA样品,在相同压强下燃烧时,在燃烧过程中高燃烧热Nb元素的燃烧反应受到抑制,燃烧前沿温度会显著降低,故1080SDA样品的阻燃性能显著提升。
3.3 阻燃性能
4 结论
(1) 沉积态样品在晶界和枝晶间析出了大量岛链状且低熔点的Laves相,其体积分数为9.8% ± 0.5%。经980 ℃固溶热处理后,在晶界和枝晶间析出了大量针状和短棒状的δ-Ni3Nb相,其体积分数为6.4% ± 0.5%;Laves相由岛链状转变为颗粒状,体积分数降至2.1% ± 0.2%。当固溶温度提高至1080 ℃,δ相基本消失,Laves相体积分数降至1.8% ± 0.2%,双时效后晶粒内析出更多纳米级的强化相γ'/γ",组织更加弥散均匀。
(2) 3.5~6.0 MPa富氧燃烧实验结果表明,SLM制备GH4169合金的阻燃性能优于传统锻造GH4169合金。与沉积态样品相比,1080 ℃固溶样品的阻燃性能最好,980 ℃固溶样品的阻燃性能居于两者之间。
(3) 低熔点Laves相显著降低材料阻燃性能。在燃烧过程中,低熔点Laves相先于基体熔化并参与燃烧,且Laves相中富含的Nb、Ti等高燃烧热元素可以快速扩散至固/液界面并参与燃烧反应,导致燃烧前沿可以维持更高的温度。因此,Laves相体积分数更高的沉积态样品阻燃性能最差。
(4) 晶界作为O元素快速扩散的通道,也是易发生燃烧的位置。980 ℃固溶样品中晶界和枝晶间大量析出的富含高燃烧热元素Nb的δ相会优先燃烧,这是导致其阻燃性能较1080 ℃固溶双时效样品下降的主要原因。
参考文献
Combustion failure analysis of GH202 and GH586 superalloys for rocket engine
[J].
火箭发动机用合金GH202和GH586燃烧事故分析
[J].
The burning of metals
[J].
Metal combustion in high-pressure flowing oxygen
[A].
High temperature oxidation and ignition of metals
[R].
Burn propagation rates of metals and alloys in gaseous oxygen
[A].
Failure analysis of an oxygen transfer hose flash fire
[A].
Pressurized flammability limits of metals
[A].
Selection of metals for gaseous oxygen service
[A].
Combustion of metals in oxygen-enriched atmospheres
[J].
Promoted ignition-combustion behavior of engineering alloys at elevated temperatures and pressures in oxygen gas mixtures
[A].
Promoted ignition-combustion behavior of cobalt and nickel alloys in oxygen-enriched atmospheres
[A].
Oxidation characteristic and mechanism of superalloys in oxygen-enriched atmosphere
[J].
富氧气氛下高温合金氧化特征及机理
[J].
Research on combustion characteristics and properties of superalloy in high-pressure and oxygen-enriched atmosphere
[J].
高压富氧下几种高温合金的燃烧特征和性能研究
[J].
Combustion behavior of GH4169 and GH4202 superalloys in oxygen-enriched atmosphere
[J].
高温合金GH4169与GH4202在富氧气氛中的燃烧行为
[J].
Combustion behavior and mechanisms of Ti2AlNb compared to an α + β Ti alloy
[J].
A review on combustion behavior and mechanism of Ti alloys for advanced aero-engine
[J].
Combustion behavior and mechanism of Ti-25V-15Cr compared to Ti-6Al-4V alloy
[J].
Combustion behaviour and mechanism of TC4 and TC11 alloys
[J].
Combustion behavior of GH4061 alloy in high pressure and oxygen-enriched atmosphere
[J].
GH4061合金在高压富氧环境下的燃烧行为
[J].
Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review
[J].
Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting
[J].
Effects of selective laser melting additive manufacturing parameters of Inconel 718 on porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties
[J].
The formation and dissolution mechanisms of Laves phase in Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting compared to directed energy deposition and cast
[J].
Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting
[J].
Influence of solution heat treatment on microstructure and tensile properties of Inconel 718 formed by high-deposition-rate laser metal deposition
[J].
Effect of scanning strategy on grain structure and crystallographic texture of Inconel 718 processed by selective laser melting
[J].
Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 processed by selective laser melting
[J].
Heat treatment of Inconel 718 produced by selective laser melting: Microstructure and mechanical properties
[J].
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure evolution of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting
[J].
Effect of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melting manufactured Inconel 718 superalloy
[J].
Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of IN718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting following different heat treatments
[J].
Ignition and combustion temperatures determined by laser heating
[A].
Flame retardancy of face-centred-cubic structured NiCo-based medium-entropy alloys in high-pressure oxygen atmospheres
[J].
Combustion behaviour and mechanism of a Cu-Ni-Mn alloy in an oxygen enriched atmosphere
[J].
Dynamic in-situ study on phase transition of GH4169 superalloy during homogenization process
[J].
GH4169合金均匀化过程中相变动态原位研究
[J].
Effect of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot isostatically pressed superalloy Inconel 718
[J].
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
