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Acta Metall Sin  2017, Vol. 53 Issue (2): 140-152    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2016.00163
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Analysis of Toughness and Strengthening Mechanisms forNi-CeO2 Nanocomposites Coated on the ActivatedSurface of Ti Substrate
Xiaowei ZHOU1(),Chun OUYANG1,Yanxin QIAO1,Yifu SHEN2
1 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
2 College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Cite this article: 

Xiaowei ZHOU,Chun OUYANG,Yanxin QIAO,Yifu SHEN. Analysis of Toughness and Strengthening Mechanisms forNi-CeO2 Nanocomposites Coated on the ActivatedSurface of Ti Substrate. Acta Metall Sin, 2017, 53(2): 140-152.

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Abstract  

With industrial developments of aerospace vehicles, marine devices, biomedical and bones, pure Ti and its alloys have gained a great deal of attraction due to their superior properties. Despite having promising properties, limitations of lower hardness, inferior weldability, and poor brittle fracture have restricted their applications. So the objective of this work was to make surface electrodeposition of nanocrystalline Ni coatings on the surface of TA2 substrate using pulsed electrodeposition. Scratch tests was used to compare how effects of two typical HF and DMF activating solutions on modifying interfacial adhesion between TA2 substrate and surface coatings. In order to disclose crystal growth of Ni coating without and with CeO2 addition, a variety of characterizations such as FESEM, TEM and XRD were employed. A novel decussating-type microhardness with different loading forces attached with nanoindentation tests was conducted to make a comparative study of toughness and strengthening mechanisms between surface coatings and the un-coated TA2 substrate. Besides, wear behaviors of specimens was carried out using the ball-disc dry sliding tests. Results indicated that the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles into electroplating solution has effectively modified textural growth of Ni grains. This result was attributed to the presence of nano-sized CeO2 particles that adsorbed onto the preferred locations of crystal Ni growth, leading into an increasing catalytic site of nucleation to reduce Gibbs energy for grain refinement. According to observations of edges for hardness indentations, a smaller size with convergence feature for Ni-CeO2 coatings was indicative of effects of CeO2 nanoparticles or its precipiated Ce solute atoms on alloying-dispersion strengthening for completing defective grain boundaries. While for the case of a divergency state of indentations edges within obviously spalling cracks, it exhibited poor surface toughness for pure nickel. Furthermore, An analytic modeling validated here was based on the by-passing Orowan for dislocations pile-up mechanisms, in which this was contributed to the co-existence of Ce-rich worn products and NiO passive film to be expected as solid lubricants and make the self-lubricating effect, thereby improving wear resistance of Ti alloys where subjected to harsh conditions.

Key words:  active titanium      electroplating      Ni-CeO2 coating      structural property      Ce-rich lubricating phase     
Received:  29 April 2016     
Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51605203), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20150467) and Scientific Research Fund of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (No.1062921501)

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2016.00163     OR     https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2017/V53/I2/140

Fig.1  Variation of immersing time vs potential for TA2 substrate during activating treatment
  Fig.2 e-OM images of bonding interfaces for TA2/Ni specimens after pre-treated by traditional (a) and modified (b) activating solutions
Fig.3  FESEM images of surfaces of pure Ni (a) and Ni-CeO2 (b) coatings
Fig.4  FESEM images (a, c) and corresponding high magnifications of rectangles (b, d) of grain boundaries for pure Ni (a, b) and Ni-CeO2 (c, d) coatings
Fig.5  XRD spectra for measured specimens before and after adding CeO2 nanoparticles
Fig.6  Representative load-displacement plots of nanoindentation tests for respective specimens
Fig.7  FESEM images of hardness indentations within different loading forces for the un-coated TA2 substrate (a), pure Ni (b) and Ni-CeO2 (c) coatings, respectively
Fig.8  FESEM images of the decussating-type HV0.5 indentation tracks for the un-coated TA2 substrate (a), pure Ni (b) and Ni-CeO2 (c) coatings, respectively
Fig.9  FESEM images for ballings (insets), and low (a1, b1, c1) and high (a2, b2, c2) magnified worn tracks of the un-coated TA2 substrate (a1, a2), pure Ni (b1, b2) and Ni-CeO2 (c1, c2) coatings, respectively
Fig.10  FESEM images for surface features of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings before (a) and after (b) dry sliding wear (Inset in Fig.10b shows the high magnified image)
Fig.11  TEM images of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings before (a) and after (b) dry sliding wear
Fig.12  Schematic of the dispersed Ce-rich phase on completing defective boundaries (GBs—grain boundaries)
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