铜基复合材料因优异的抗高温软化能力成为面向极端服役环境应用的关键导电材料。然而，传统铜基复合材料存在强度-电导率倒置关系的科学难题。针对此，作者团队提出了基于材料加工过程中原位反应时机的精准调控从而设计多元多尺度增强相的思路，分别针对铸造与粉末冶金等成形技术特点，设计出混杂增强与多级构型等具有特定结构的铜基复合材料，基于多元多尺度增强相的协同效应提升增强相的强化效率，有效缓解铜基复合材料综合性能倒置关系。本文以原位自生硼化物增强铜基复合材料体系为代表，系统阐述了在铸造与粉末冶金等传统金属材料制造技术框架下，将材料体系特征与制备技术特点相融合的高强高导铜基复合材料组织设计方法，发展出了颗粒与晶须增强相混杂、微米与纳米尺度增强相混杂、颗粒微团簇与纳米相协同的多级构型等设计策略，实现了强度与电导率的协同优化。

Copper matrix composites exhibit excellent softening resistance at elevated temperatures. Therefore, they are promising electrically conductive materials for applications in demanding service environments. However, conventional copper matrix composites face a persistent tradeoff between mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Therefore, to address this challenge, this study proposes a design strategy based on the precise control of in situ reaction timings during material processing, enabling the formation of reinforcements with multiple compositions, morphologies, and length scales. Considering the different processing characteristics of casting and powder metallurgy, copper matrix composites are designed and fabricated with hybrid and hierarchical reinforcement architectures. The strengthening efficiency of these reinforcements is improved via the synergistic effects of multitype and multiscale reinforcements, thereby overcoming the tradeoff between mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Using copper matrix composites containing in situ-formed boride phases as a representative material system, this study systematically examines microstructural design principles for developing high-strength, high-conductivity materials. The analysis integrates the intrinsic characteristics of the Cu–boride system with the processing features of conventional metallic manufacturing routes, including casting and powder metallurgy. This study presents several design strategies, including the hybridization of particle and whisker reinforcements, hybridization of microscale and nanoscale reinforcements, and construction of hierarchical architectures comprising particle microclusters and nanoprecipitates. These strategies enable the simultaneous improvement of mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.