面向极端服役条件的高熵合金结构材料：性能优势、瓶颈与突破路径
收稿日期: 2025-10-15
修回日期: 2025-12-20
网络出版日期: 2025-12-30
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(52201171);国家自然科学基金项目(52225103);国家自然科学基金项目(52322102);国家自然科学基金项目(U2441262);国家自然科学基金项目(W2412068);国家重点研发计划项目(2022-YFB4602101);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(FRF-IDRY-23-020);新金属材料全国重点实验室自主研究课题项目(2025-S11)
High-Entropy Alloys in Extreme Environments: A Perspective on Advantages, Challenges, and Breakthroughs
Received date: 2025-10-15
Revised date: 2025-12-20
Online published: 2025-12-30
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201171);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52225103);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52322102);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2441262);National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412068);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022-YFB4602101);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-IDRY-23-020);State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials(2025-S11)
超高温、极低温和强辐照是航空、航天、核能和深海装备等在服役过程中面临的极端工况。传统单一主元合金因相稳定性不足、低温韧脆转变及缺陷演化失控，性能已逼近极限，成为制约高端装备升级的核心瓶颈。高熵合金凭借多主元耦合的高构型熵、晶格畸变和化学短程有序，在极端条件下具有高热-力学稳定性、优异低温韧塑性和抗辐照损伤能力，被视为最具突破性能边界潜力的合金体系。本文系统梳理了高熵合金作为极端环境结构材料的潜力和挑战，围绕超高温、极低温和强辐照三类典型场景，剖析其性能优势并揭示高熵效应的作用机制。最后，总结关键瓶颈并提出发展路径，为高熵合金从实验室走向工程应用提供参考。
吕昭平 , 申耀祖 , 王先珍 , 陈强 , 唐建国 , 张晓宾 , 于勇 , 蒋虽合 , 刘雄军 , 王辉 , 吴渊 . 面向极端服役条件的高熵合金结构材料：性能优势、瓶颈与突破路径[J]. 金属学报, 2026 , 62(5) : 743 -755 . DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00322
Extreme environments, such as ultra-high temperatures, extremely low temperatures, and intense irradiation, impose growing demands on structural materials for next-generation engineering applications. Conventional single-principal-element alloys are approaching their performance limits because of insufficient phase stability, low-temperature ductile-to-brittle transitions, and uncontrolled defect evolution. Conversely, high-entropy alloys (HEAs), characterized by multi-principal elements, exhibit high configurational entropy, severe lattice distortion, and chemical short-range order. These intrinsic characteristics enable exceptional thermal-mechanical stability, cryogenic toughness, and irradiation resistance, rendering them promising candidates for applications in extreme environments. Focusing on three representative conditions, this work summarizes the potentials and challenges of HEAs as structural materials, clarifies the underlying high-entropy-driven mechanisms, and identifies key technological barriers. Furthermore, we report perspectives on future research directions and propose pathways to accelerate the transition of HEAs from laboratory-scale research to practical engineering applications.
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