Natural bamboo fiber possesses excellent mechanical properties due to its unique microstructure, potentially enabling the configurational design of reinforcement in metal matrix composites. Meanwhile, discontinuously reinforced titanium matrix composites are high-strength materials with low ductility. Inspired by the intricate structure of biomimetic bamboo fiber with high strength and toughness, TiB/Ti composites reinforced with a bamboo-fiber-like structure were successfully fabricated in this study. Comparing the mechanical properties of the fiber-like structure with those of their uniform counterpart, the fiber-like structure of TiB whiskers was important in mechanical behaviors, and fracture mechanisms of the composites. For the same volume fraction, the fiber-like-structure-reinforced TiB/Ti composites maintained the high tensile strength of its uniform counterpart but extended elongation to 19.1%. Tensile strength was primarily maintained by leveraging the high load-bearing efficiency of the fiber-like TiB distribution and reinforcement-induced fine-grained strengthening. Meanwhile, the continuous matrix region synergistically improved the strain hardening rate of the composites, enhancing their plastic deformation ability. Moreover, cracks were effectively passivated and deflected during the synergistic deformation process of the fiber-like structure to improve the toughness of the composites. This work reveals the potential of employing a non-uniform reinforcement distribution strategy to synergistically improve the strength and ductility/toughness of titanium matrix composites.