屈服强度与拉伸塑性是衡量金属材料是否具备应用潜力的重要指标。然而，两者之间往往呈现倒置关系：屈服强度的提升常以牺牲拉伸塑性为代价。因此，同时获得高强度与高塑性一直以来都是材料科学家追求的目标。本文探讨室温下屈服强度与拉伸塑性的本征关系，分析两者之间相互制约的根源，论证金属材料在强化的同时保持拉伸塑性、实现“鱼和熊掌兼得”的可行性。以兼具高屈服强度(约2 GPa)和高拉伸塑性(约30%均匀延伸率)为目标设计合金。文中提出的策略从多主元合金中复杂多样且在纳米尺度上非均匀的微观组织结构出发，调控强化和应变硬化机制，包括利用浓质固溶体合金中的宽广成分空间将传统的机制发挥到极致，并辅以非均匀性(特别是化学非均匀性)诱生的新机制。本文总结了既定强度-塑性目标范围内的最新进展。文中的观点与论述，旨在为解决强度-塑性相互掣肘难题提供新见解和新思路。

Increasing the yield strength of metallic materials is observed to almost always substantially reduce their tensile ductility. Here we unravel the origin of this perplexing “strength-ductility trade-off”, and conclude that this dilemma does not necessarily preclude concurrent high strength and high ductility. We discuss several strengthening and work hardening mechanisms that regulate dislocation behavior, including traditional ones that have been pushed to their extreme in recent years, as well as new ones that take advantage of the heightened structural and chemical heterogeneities; all these mechanisms are rendered more powerful by emerging complex concentrated alloys that bring in multiple principal elements. These mechanisms, while offering elevated strength, contribute to sustainable strain hardening under high flow stresses, delaying strain localization to allow prolonged uniform elongation. The current status in the pursuit for concurrent high strength and high ductility is reviewed. The goal we set for high yield strength ~2 GPa (rivaling super steels) together with large uniform elongation ~30% (much like un-strengthened elemental metals) is projected to be soon within reach. These take-home messages shed light on some existing puzzles regarding the strength-ductility synergy, and offer new insight into the innovative design of alloys.