| Material type | Transfer characteristic | Key parameter and case | Ref. |
|---|
Metal thin film | Dominated by melting-solidification phase transformation, with control over thermal diffusion length | Au nanoparticles (60 nm film thickness): 30 fs, 78 nJ, 800 nm diameter; Cu-Ag alternating layers (4 layers, total thickness ≈ 500 nm): 532 nm laser wavelength, 1 ns, 5 μJ, 10 μm transferred voxel diameter | [53,54] | Biological material | Protected by DRL, enabling low-damage transfer | cDNA: 355 nm laser wavelength, 10 ns, 0.5 μJ, 40 μm spot diameter; peptide microarray (SLEC matrix, 10% w/w): 405 nm laser wavelength, 7 ms, 90 mW, 110 μm fluorescent spot diameter | [55,56] | Semiconductor | Non-linear ionization and lattice reconstruction, relying on beam shaping | Si NPs: 800 nm laser wavelength (linear absorption) to obtain 205 nm particles; silicon semiconductor components (100 μm × 100 μm × 90 μm): 355 nm laser wavelength, 10 ns, 245-700 mJ·cm-2 | [57,58] | Conductive polymer | Sacrificial layer absorbs laser to generate gasification for propulsion, with low-temperature transfer protecting functional groups | PVP/5%f-MWCNT composite material (on Al micro-electrodes): 266 nm laser wavelength, 220 mJ·cm-2, 30 μm × 40 μm pixels; PEDOT:PSS:GO composite film (80 nm thickness): 193 nm laser wavelength, 15 ns, 450 mJ·cm-2 | [59,60] | Liquid ink | Bubble-jet fluid dynamics, breaking through viscosity/particle limitations | Silver paste (50 μm thickness): 532 nm laser wavelength, 15 ns, 3.2 J·cm-2, 70 μm diameter; silver screen printing ink (80 μm film thickness): 1064 nm laser wavelength, 100 ns, 60 μJ, 160 μm voxel diameter | [61,62] | 3D structure | Droplet stacking, with optimized interface bonding | Cu pillar (diameter less than 5 μm, length 2 mm): 515 laser wavelength, 6.7 ps, vertical interconnection TS; Au cantilever ( width × thickness × length = 50 μm × (10-20) μm × (450-800) μm): 532 nm laser wavelength, 0.8 ns, 4 μJ | [63,64] |
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