Fig.8 Schematic of the degradation behavior of Mg-based composite implants under physiological conditions and the diffusion of released Mg2+[95,96] (a), reaction of Mg-based screws with surrounding bone tissue and cells after implantation[100] (ALP—alkaline phosphatase) (b), and release of Mg2+ from Mg-based intramedullary nails promoting periosteal stem cell (PSC) activation of calcitonin gene-related differentiation and enhancing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression in BMSCs[96,101,102] (c) (HSC—hematopoietic stem cell, CGRP—calcitonin gene related peptide, DRG—dorsal root ganglion, PDSC—periostem-derived stem cell, TRPM7—transient receptor potential melastatin 7, MagT1—magnesium transporter 1, cAMP—cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CREB—cAMP response element-binding protein, NFAT—nuclear factor of activated T-cells, PGC-1α—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-Alpha, ERRα—estrogen-related receptor Alpha, BMP-2—bone morphogenetic protein 2, GAG—glycosaminoglycan, RANKL—receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand)
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