|
|
Phenomena of Σ3 and Orientation Gradients in an ElectricalSteel Appliedα→γ→α Transformation |
Louwen ZHANG,Ping YANG(),Weimin MAO |
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China |
|
Cite this article:
Louwen ZHANG,Ping YANG,Weimin MAO. Phenomena of Σ3 and Orientation Gradients in an ElectricalSteel Appliedα→γ→α Transformation. Acta Metall Sin, 2017, 53(1): 19-30.
|
Abstract At present, the quality of commercial non-oriented electrical steels is improved mainly by optimizing deformation and recrystallization textures, but the most desirable {100} texture for the magnetic properties of sheets is normally no more than 20% in volume fraction. Throughα→γ→α transformation, however, the percentage of {100} texture can be up to 50%, even as high as 80% or more. The characteristics of transformation microstructure in ultra-low carbon non-oriented electrical steel are basically revealed in this work, and the formation mechanisms are analyzed and discussed. The cold-rolled sheets of electrical steels are heated inγ single phase region,α→γ→α transformation occurs in hydrogen and nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. The results indicate that strong {100} texture with monolayer pancake grains is developed in hydrogen, and the size of {100} oriented grains reaches more than 1 mm; whereas near {100} and {110} textured columnar grains are formed at the surface layer of the sheets in nitrogen, and the equal-axed grains with {111} and {114} textures in the center layer are obtained finally. Σ3 grain boundaries generally appear in the transformation microstructure where grain orientations are preferred, and its formation mechanism is closely related to K-S relationship which is followed during variant selection induced by surface-effect. There is an approximate linear orientation gradient in the columnar grains at the surface of the sheet annealed in nitrogen, and this phenomenon should be resulted from the accumulation of transformation strain induced by the suppression of the growth of surface grains withγ→α transformation along the normal direction.
|
Received: 31 May 2016
|
Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51271028) |
[1] | Liu H T, Liu Z Y, Sun Y, et al.Formation of {001}<510> recrystallization texture and magnetic property in strip casting non-oriented electrical steel[J]. Mater. Lett., 2012, 81: 65 | [2] | Liu H T, Schneider J, Li H L, et al.Fabrication of high permeability non-oriented electrical steels by increasing <001> recrystallization texture using compacted strip casting processes[J]. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2015, 374: 577 | [3] | Liu H T, Liu Z Y, Sun Y, et al.Development ofλ-fiber recrystallization texture and magnetic property in Fe-6.5wt% Si thin sheet produced by strip casting and warm rolling method[J]. Mater. Lett., 2013, 91: 150 | [4] | Hashimoto O, Satoh S, Tanaka T.Effects of initial texture onα→γ→α transformation texture in sheet steel[J]. Tetsu Hagané, 1980, 66: 112 | [4] | (橋本修, 佐藤進, 田中智夫. 薄鋼板のα→γ→α変態集合組織に及ぼす初期方位の影響[J]. 鉄と鋼, 1980, 66: 112) | [5] | Zhang L W, Yang P, Wang J H, et al.Transformation of {100} texture induced by surface effect in ultra-low carbon electrical steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2016, 51: 8087 | [6] | Aspden R G, Berger J A, Trout H E.Anisotropic and heterogeneous nucleation during the gamma to alpha transformation in iron[J]. Acta Metall., 1968, 16: 1027 | [7] | Tomida T.(100)-textured 3% silicon steel sheets by manganese removal and decarburization[J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1996, 79: 5443 | [8] | Tomida T, Tanak T.Development of (100) texture in silicon steel sheets by removal of manganese and decarburization[J]. ISIJ Int., 1995, 35: 548 | [9] | Tomida T.A new process to develop (100) texture in silicon steel sheets[J]. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1996, 5: 316 | [10] | Sung J K, Lee D N, Wang D H, et al.Efficient generation of cube-on-face crystallographic texture in iron and its alloys[J]. ISIJ Int., 2011, 51: 284 | [11] | Sung J K, Koo Y M. Magnetic properties of Fe and Fe-Si alloys with {100}〈0vw〉 texture [J]. J. Appl. Phys., 2013, 113: 17A338 | [12] | Sung J K, Park S M, Shim B Y, et al. Effect of Mn on <100> texture evolution in Fe-Si-Mn alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Forum, 2012, 702-703: 730 | [13] | Xie L, Yang P, Zhang N, et al.Formation of {100} textured columnar grain structure in a non-oriented electrical steel by phase transformation[J]. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2014, 356: 1 | [14] | Elban W L, Hebbar M A, Kramer J J.Adsorption surface energy and crystal growth in iron-3 pct silicon[J]. Metall. Trans., 1975, 6A: 1929 | [15] | Kohler D.Promotion of cubic grain growth in 3% silicon iron by control of annealing atmosphere composition[J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1960, 31: S408 | [16] | Assmus F, Bull R, Ganz D, et al.On iron-silicon with cube texture magnetic investigation[J]. Z. Metallkd., 1957, 48: 341 | [17] | Kim K M, Kim H K, Park J Y, et al.{100} texture evolution in bcc Fe sheets-computational design and experiments[J]. Acta Mater., 2016, 106: 106 | [18] | Gautam J, Petrov R H, Leunis E, et al.Nucleation and growth of surface texture duringα→γ→α transformation in ultra low carbon steel alloyed with Mn, Al and Si[J]. Solid State Phenom., 2010, 160: 223 | [19] | Wenk H R, Rybacki E, Dresen G, et al.Dauphiné twinning and texture memory in polycrystalline quartz. Part 1: Experimental deformation of novaculite[J]. Phys. Chem. Miner., 2006, 33: 667 | [20] | Nakada N, Tsuchiyama T, Takaki S, et al.Variant selection of reversed austenite in lath martensite[J]. ISIJ Int., 2007, 47: 1527 | [21] | Yoshinaga N, Inoue H, Kawasaki K, et al.Factors affecting texture memory appearing throughα→γ→α transformation in IF steels[J]. Mater. Trans., 2007, 48: 2036 | [22] | Wenk H R, Huensche I, Kestens L.In-situ observation of texture changes during phase transformations in ultra-low-carbon steel[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2007, 38A: 261 | [23] | Brückner G, Gottstein G.Transformation textures during diffusionalα→γ→α phase transformations in ferritic steels[J]. ISIJ Int., 2001, 41: 468 | [24] | Yoshinaga N, Ushioda K, Itami A, et al.α+γ andγ phases annealing in ultra low-carbon sheet steels[J]. ISIJ Int., 1994, 34: 33 | [25] | Tomida T, Imai N, Miyata K, et al.Grain refinement of C-Mn steel to 1 μm by rapid cooling and short interval multi-pass hot rolling in stable austenite region[J]. ISIJ Int., 2008, 48: 1148 | [26] | Tomida T, Wakita M, Yoshida M, et al. A variant selection rule in transformation in steel and prediction of transformation texture [J]. Mater. Sci. Forum, 2010, 638-642: 2846 | [27] | Tomida T, Wakita M.Transformation texture in hot-rolled steel sheets and its quantitative prediction[J]. ISIJ Int., 2012, 52: 601 | [28] | Tomida T, Wakita M, Yasuyama M, et al.Memory effects of transformation textures in steel and its prediction by the double Kurdjumov - Sachs relation[J]. Acta Mater., 2013, 61: 2828 | [29] | Gomes E, Verbeken K, Gautam J, et al.Evolution of the microstructural surface characteristics during annealing[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2013, A561: 312 | [30] | Lü Y P, Hutchinson B, Molodov D A, et al.Effect of deformation and annealing on the formation and reversion ofε-martensite in an Fe-Mn-C alloy[J]. Acta Mater., 2010, 58: 3079 | [31] | Lischewski I, Gottstein G.Nucleation and variant selection during theα→γ→α phase transformation in microalloyed steel[J]. Acta Mater., 2011, 59: 1530 | [32] | Xie L, Yang P, Xia D S, et al.Microstructure and texture evolution in a non-oriented electrical steel duringγ→α transformation under various atmosphere conditions[J]. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2015, 374: 655 | [33] | Baghat M, Sasaki Y, Iguchi M, et al.The effect of grain boundaries on the surface rearrangement during wüstite reduction within its range of existence[J]. ISIJ Int., 2005, 45: 657 |
|
No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|