Welding Crack of Ni-Based Alloys: A Review

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00200

Acta Metall Sin

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (1): 16-28 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00200

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Welding Crack of Ni-Based Alloys: A Review

YU Lei¹^,², CAO Rui¹^,²(

)

^1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
^2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China

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YU Lei, CAO Rui. Welding Crack of Ni-Based Alloys: A Review. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(1): 16-28.

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Abstract

Recently, Ni-based weldments have been widely used in various industries, including aerospace, nuclear power, thermal power, and petrochemicals. In this paper, the classification and welding methods of Ni-based alloys are introduced. Fusion welding methods were mainly used for the welding of Ni-based alloys because of cost and technical limitations. The mechanism of welding cracks in Ni-based alloys and the effects of various elements on cracks are mainly reviewed. Solidification cracking, liquation cracking, ductility-dip cracking, and strain-age cracking frequently occurred in fusion welding processes. The appearance of a low-melting liquid film has been found to be the main reason for the relative clarity of the mechanisms of solidification cracking and liquation cracking. Ductility-dip cracking is still not clearly defined, and its mechanism in Ni-based alloys remains obscure. Strain-age cracking of Ni-based alloys is unique to precipitation-strengthened-Ni-based alloys and closely related to the precipitation rate. Though much research has been done, impurities and addition of elements have a major effect on welding cracks of Ni-based alloys. Therefore, the influence of most elements alone and the synergistic effects on cracks need further study.

Key words: Ni-based alloy welding crack cracking mechanism impurity element addition element

Received: 05 June 2020

ZTFLH:

TG406

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51761027)

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Fig.1 Four types welding cracks of Ni-based alloy^[7-10]

Table 1 Equilibrium distribution coefficient, maximum solid solubility (mass fraction) and final eutectic temperature^[2]

Fig.2 Schematics of four different microstructures in Nb-bearing Ni-based alloy^[2]

Table 2 Precipitate of component liquation in Ni-based alloys^[8,57-62]

Fig.3 The mechanism of liquation cracking of 718 Ni-based alloy^[8]

Fig.4 Schematic of ductility as a function of temperature^[69] (DTR—ductility-dip temperature range, BTR—brittle temperature range, E_min—minimum critical stress)

Fig.5 Influence of intergranular precipitates on grain boundary sliding, strain concentration and void formation^[9]

Table 3 Summary on the influence of elements on ductility-dip cracking (DDC)^[9]

Fig.6 Schematic illustration for strain age cracking (SAC) of Ni-based alloy^[76]

Fig.7 Effect of Al and Ti contents on strain age cracking sensitivity of Ni-based alloy ^[76]

Table 4 Effect of alloy elements on SAC of Ni-based alloy

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