ISSN 0412-1961
CN 21-1139/TG
Started in 1956

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    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WELD FORMATION IN LASER+GMAW HYBRID WELDING,II. Combined Volumetric Distribution Mode of Hybrid Welding Heat Source
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 641-646 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1207KB) ( 1055 )
    Based on the geometry characteristics of laser+GMAW-P hybrid welds and the macroscopic mechanism of heat transfer, four new kinds of adaptive combined volumetric heat source modes are developed The arc heat flux, thermal content of overheated droplets, and laser power are described as double-elliptic plane distribution, double-ellipsoid body distribution, and peak value increasing-rotary curve body distribution, respectively. To apply the developed adaptive combined volumetric heat source modes into numerical analysis of temperature profiles in hybrid welding, the geometry and dimension of hybrid welds are predicted under different conditions. Through comparing the calculated results to the experimental measurements, it is found that both match well. The four kinds of adaptive combined volumetric heat source modes fully consider the process features of hybrid welding, can numerically simulate the weld geometry and dimension accurately, and reflect quantitatively the varying regularity of temperature profiles in hybrid welding.
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    THE APPLICATION OF HIGH-CONCENTRATION OZONE IN THE PREPARATION OF BI-BASED OXIDE THIN FILMS BY MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 647-651 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1125KB) ( 887 )
    A homemade ozone concentrating apparatus was devised and prepared, and the high-concentration ozone was prepared as oxide source for the preparation of Bi-based oxide thin films by molecular beam epitaxy. Silica gel was used to adsorb ozone which was made by ozone generator, and ozone with the concentration about 95 mol% can be obtained when the silica gel was kept at about -85℃ for 6 hours. And the concentration of ozone can be kept over 5 hours when the pressure of concentrating apparatus was kept at 1.3×103Pa. The X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that the high-concentration ozone gotten by the ozone concentrating apparatus can oxidize Cu to CuO in high vacuum. Furthermore, the oxide source was good enough to prepare high quality Bi2Sr2CuO6+x and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x thin films on the MgO(100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy.
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    GRAIN BOUNDARY CHARACTER DISTRIBUTIONS OF LEAD ALLOY ANNEALED AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AFTER ROLLED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 652-658 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1980KB) ( 1085 )
    The grain boundary character distributions (GBCD) of Pb-0.09Ca-1.5Sn-0.026Al alloy (mass fraction, %) rolled at different temperatures and then annealed in the same way (270℃/10min) were investigated by means of electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD)techniques. The results showed that special boundaries such as ∑3, ∑9 and ∑27 were largely populated in the specimen which was rolled at room temperature and the temperature of liquid nitrogen(-196℃), the fraction of ∑3 and ∑9+∑27 boundaries exceeded 60% and 12%, respectively. The connectivity of general high angle boundaries (HABs) networks was interrupted substantially by special boundaries, indicating the optimization of GBCD was achieved. However, much lower fraction of special boundaries were developed in the specimen which were rolled at 100℃, and the connectivity of general high angle boundaries (HABs) network was not interrupted significantly, implying the GBCD was not optimized. Single section trace analysis based on EBSD technique revealed that incoherent 3 boundaries took the major parts of of 3 boundaries in the optimized GBCD
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    PREPARATION OF MELT-ATOMIZED AND SPRAY-DEPOSITED LA62AL15.7(CU0.5NI0.5)22.3 AMORPHOUS ALLOY
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 659-664 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1525KB) ( 929 )
    It is known as very difficult to prepare bulk amorphous alloys with much larger size, because the heat release will be hindered and crystallization takes place when the bulk grows larger. In view of existing the bottleneck, a full La62Al15.7(Cu0.5Ni0.5)22.3 amorphous alloy with a diameter of 340 mm and maximum thickness of 13 mm was produced by melt atomization and spray deposition. The formation mechanism of amorphous phase during the process was analyzed. The experimental results have shown that there always exist some porosity in the spray-deposited La62Al15.7(Cu0.5Ni0.5)22.3 amorphous alloy. The micropores in the La62Al15.7(Cu0.5Ni0.5)22.3 amorphous alloy can be eliminated by hot pressing in the undercooled liquid region of the amorphous alloy. The present results have indicated that spray deposition is a potential technique to prepare bulk amorphous alloys with larger size, especially for bigger plate-shaped deposit.
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    EFEECT OF FRICTION STIR WELDING PARAMETERS ON MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ZK60 MAGNESIUM ALLOY JOINTS
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 665-670 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1945KB) ( 964 )
    Six millimeters thick ZK60 alloy plates were successfully friction stir welded (FSW). The sound welded joints were achieved under a wide range of welding parameters (rotation rate of 600-800 rpm and traverse speed of 50-200 mm/min). After FSW, the coarse grains in ZK60 alloy were changed to fine equiaxed recrystallized grains at the nugget zone. Furthermore, the coarse MgZn2 particles were broken up and mostly dissolved into the matrix. For this ZK60 magnesium alloy, the precipitation strengthening effect was more dominant than fine-grain strengthening effect. Therefore, hardness values of the nugget zone were lower than those of the PM and the fracture occurred at the nugget zone. At low heat input parameters (≤800 rpm), the grain size of the nugget zone, and the tensile strength and elongation of welded joints at different parameters were similar, but at high heat input parameter (1200 rpm), the grains of the nugget zone became large and the tensile strength of welded joints slightly decreased. After aging treatment, the strength and elongation of welded joints under different parameters increased and their mechanical properties were similar.
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    XRD Investigation of The Recrystallization Process of Shot Peened Layer on In-Situ TiB2/6351Al
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 671-674 . 
    Abstract   PDF (749KB) ( 823 )
    The recrystallization processes of TiB2/6351Al and 6351Al deformation layers introduced by shot peening were investigated. The domain size and microstrain during annealing were calculated utilizing X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. The domain growth activation energy and microstrain relaxation activation energy were obtained by computer regression analysis. The results show that the recrystallization activation energy of both materials is larger than that of aluminum self-diffusion activation energy. And the recrystallization activation energy of composite is slight larger than that of alloy. Reinforcements have two effects on recrystallization process. Firstly, they will promote recrystallization of matrix at the early stage of annealing. Furthermore, they will impede the movement of grain and subgrain boundaries during annealing. The combination of the two opposite effects together with the lower volume of reinforcements and their inevitable inhomogeneous distribution weaken the influence of reinforcements on recrystallization activation energy.
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    EFFECTS OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF COPPER CLADDING ALUMINUM WIRES BY COLD HYDROSTATIC EXTRUSION
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 675-680 . 
    Abstract   PDF (2489KB) ( 982 )
    The effects of annealing temperature on the microstructures and properties of copper cladding aluminum wires fabricated by cold hydrostatic extrusion were investigated, and the influence mechanism was discussed based on the different interface fracture modes. The experimental results show that the appropriate annealing temperature is 350℃ for as-extruded wires. At a annealing temperature below 200℃, a recovery process is dominant in copper sheath and the mechanical properties partly recovered. The recrystallization of copper proceeded sufficiently at 350℃, the tensile strength reaches a minimum and the elongation gets its maximum. The growth of copper grains occurred during annealing at 400℃, which decreases the elongation of the alloy. With the annealing temperature increased, the interface strength of the Cu/Al bimetal wires increased to a maximum value and then decreased, the interface fracture location transformed from Al-side to the Cu/Al interface and at the same time the fracture mode transformed from ductile to brittle.
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    INVESTIGATION ON PHASE TRANSFORMATION OF ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo IN TEMPERING PROCESS WITH LOW HEATING RATE
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 681-685 . 
    Abstract   PDF (898KB) ( 1295 )
    In order to clarify martensite to austenite phase transformation mechanism of ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo during tempering between As and Af with low heating rate of 0.05℃/s, a systematic study by dilatometer, XRD, TEM and EDX was carried out. The experimental results indicate that the reversed austenite generated during tempering is rich in Ni and does not have high density dislocation, which demonstrate the martensite to austenite phase transformation with low heating rate proceeds by diffusion. The reversed austenite generated over 600℃ will partially transform to martensite during subsequent cooling. One-stage tempering can get the maximal amount of reversed austenite at 620℃. Two-stage tempering system 620℃~660℃ + 600℃ can dramatically increase the amount of reversed austenite, because the new martensite transformed from unstable reversed austenite at first-stage tempering at 620℃~660℃ provides dispersive nucleation sites for the reversed austenite in the second-stage tempering at 600℃.
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    Study on Microstructure Evaluation of hot rolled C-Mn-Si-Al TRIP steel based on dynamic transformation of undercooled austentie
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 686-692 . 
    Abstract   PDF (5071KB) ( 1013 )
    Abstract: The microstructure evolution of hot rolled C-Mn-Al-Si TRIP steel based on dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite was investigated by uniaxial hot compression tests on a Gleeble1500 simulation test machine. The results showed that the volume fraction of ferrite transformed during dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite was determined by applied strain,at the meantime, the formation of ferrite was significantly accelerated and the remained austenite was much dispersed. When the isothermal bainitic treatment was implemented after the dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite, the remained austenite which had relatively larger size transformed quickly to bainite with fine structure and chaotic orientation, the small austenite islands with grain size between 0.5~1.5µm located among ferrite had higher stability and rather difficult transformed to bainite. By dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite and the subsequent isothermal bainitic transformation, a desired microstructure of hot rolled TRIP Steel was obtained, which characterized by fine grain size of ferrite, high volume fraction of retained austenite and the uniform distribution of bainite and retained austenite.
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    Solidification of Cu-Co ally under rapid cooling conditions
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 693-697 . 
    Abstract   PDF (656KB) ( 778 )
    Gas atomization experiments are carried out with Cu-20wt%Co alloy. Powders with a fine dispersion of the Co-rich particles are obtained. A model has been developed to describe the solidification process of the atomized drops. The kinetic details of the microstructure evolution in the drops are calculated. It is indicated that the numerical results have a good accordance with the experimental ones. The microstructure development during the liquid-liquid decomposition is a result of the concurrent action of the nucleation, the growth of the minority phase droplets, the collision coagulations between the droplets and the spatial separation of phases. A bigger drop achieves a lower cooling rate and a lower nucleation rate of the minority phase droplets. It exhibits, therefore, a coarse Co-rich particle microstructure.
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    Monte-Carlo Simulation for Fractal Growth of inclusions in the Continuous Casting Mold
    Jicheng He
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 698-702 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1346KB) ( 813 )
    A mathematical model was developed to describe the inclusion dynamic growth process in the continuous casting mold. This model includes Eulerian method to predict turbulent flow and inclusion distribution in the continuous casting mold, and Lagrangian method to trace single inclusion in the inclusion concentration field and to study its collision and aggregation. Numerical results show that fluid flow is the key factor to affect inclusion’s distribution. In the continuous caster, the liquid steel and the inclusions have the upper and lower recirculation, and have “W” distribution at the exit. For the single inclusion, the seed inclusions can grasp the other inclusions continuously, thus, the bigger inclusions are dendritic with some tips and arms.
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    PLE/NPLE transition temperature in γ→α transformation of Fe-C-Xi alloy under hot deformation condition
    Zhaodong Li
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 703-707 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1568KB) ( 1114 )
    In this research the PLE(Partition Local Equilibrium)/NPLE(Negligible Partition Local Equilibrium) model has been introduced into the deformed system to describe the γ→α transformation of Fe-C-Xi alloy(Xi represents for one or several substitutional elements such as Mn, Si, Cr, etc). Based on a calculate method in static system which has been reported, a thermodynamic equation which suits the plastic deformed system is established under the orthoequilibrium model, to calculate the PLE-NPLE critical temperature. Isothermal γ→α transformation experiments have been conducted to a Fe-C0.073-Mn2.17-Si0.80-Cr0.88(wt%) steel under different temperatures after a process of hot deformation at 820℃and the critical temperature of PLE-NPLE is roughly mensurated. The experimental results correspond well with the calculated results and both of them reveal that deformation does heighten the critical temperature of PLE-NPLE, as for the tested steel in this paper, after a 40% nominal deformation at 820℃ by deformed rate of 0.5s-1, the critical temperature of PLE-NPLE in isothermal γ→α transformation has been heighten by nearly 10℃.
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    A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON FORMATION OF GRAIN ELONGATION AND ALIGNED TWO-PHASE STRUCTURES INDUCED BY HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD
    Wang Qi-Chao; Zhi-Gang Yang
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 708-712 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1363KB) ( 799 )
    A theoretical analysis has been made on aligned two-phase structures induced by high magnetic field. The influence of nucleation shape to demagnetization is discussed. The calculation results show that nucleation will occur more on the grain boundary along the magnetic field direction compared with that perpendicular to it, further on considering the secondary nucleation around those have formed in the earlier stage
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    Effects of high magntic fields on the behavior of primary Sb phase in Sb-4.8 wt.%Mn hypoeutectic alloy
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 713-717 . 
    Abstract   PDF (2154KB) ( 1136 )
    The changes of solidified structures of Sb-4.8wt.%Mn hypoeutectic alloy under uniform and gradient magnetic fields were examined. It was found that the primary Sb phase in the alloy exhibited a change in growth behavior from a faced to non-faced one or from a non-faced to faced one. The faced/non-faced or non-faced/faced transition was found to be dependent on cooling rate and magnetic flux density. It was also found that the size of the Sb particles increased at first and then decreased with increasing magnetic flux density under uniform magnetic fields. Furthermore, the size of the Sb particles at a positive magnetic field gradient was found to be smaller than one at a negative magnetic field gradient when imposed upon magnetic field gradients with small absolute values of the product of the magnetic field flux density and its gradient. Thermal analyses of specimens indicated that the application of a high magnetic field decreased the undercooling of the primary arrest and the growth velocity of the primary Sb phase.The experimental results show that high magnetic fields can be used to control the morphology of the solidified structure and the size of the primary Sb phase in Mn-Sb hypoeutectic alloy.
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    A study on the Silicon reactivity in the galvanizing
    SU Xu-Ping; Zhi LI; Fucheng YIN; Shiwen Pan
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 718-722 . 
    Abstract   PDF (773KB) ( 847 )
    According to the thermodynamic calculation of the Zn-Fe-Si ternary phase system and experimental investigation, the chemical potential of Si increases greatly with the Zn content. So the Si in the coating trends to gather in the high Fe content phases such as the  phase near the / phase boundary, the phase boundary of the  /  layer and the crystal boundary of the  phase. A model was proposed. In galvanizing, diffusion path in coating becomes Si rich, Si concentration in the crystal boundary of the  increases. Diffusion path cut the Tieline of the +Liquid Zn phase equilibrium, and liquid phase appears in the crystal boundary of  phase. Liquid channels Crosse the  layer, connect with the outside liquid Zn. Liquid channel also contacts with the  phase. The Diffuse- (cracked  phase+Liquid Zn) region forms. Since the liquid attacks substrate directly, the growth of coating is reaction controlled. The coating grows linearly.
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    Effect of the Inclusions/precipitates size on the Intragranular ferrite nucleation
    wWang wei; Li-Ming Fu
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 723-728 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1217KB) ( 1883 )
    Based on the classical nucleation theory a physical model was established to evaluate the effectiveness of intragranular ferrite nucleating at inclusions/precipitates. The influences of inclusion size, interfacial energy and contact angle on the ferrite nucleation rate were studied. Theoretical analysis indicates that the inclusions exhibiting lower contact angle with ferrite are most effective in promoting the nucleation of intragranular ferrite. Given the inclusion-matrix interfacial properties, the effectiveness of ferrite nucleation depends on the inclusion size. For arbitrary type of inclusion/precipitate, there exists an optimum size range in theory with maximum ferrite nucleation rate. The method for calculating this optimum size of inclusion was given, and the results showed a good agreement with experimental observations.
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    RESERCH OF THE INITIAL ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL Q235 IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF SO2
    wang chuan
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 729-734 . 
    Abstract   PDF (2203KB) ( 950 )
    The influence of the different concentration of SO2 on the initial atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel Q235 was investigated.The corrosion kinetics of carbon steel Q235 in different condition was researched .The variation of thickness loss of Q235 in different concentration of SO2 made a great difference. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and electron dispersion X-ray analysis(SEM/EDAX)were used to characterize the corrosion products of Q235.The effect of S and O elements in the layer of rust are discussed the mechanism of rust nests is analysed. A probable mechanism is presented to explain the experimental results.
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    Cyclicvoltamme Study on the Cathodic Behavior of CaO in CaCl2 and equalar mole CaCl2-X(X=NaCl, BaCl2, LiCl) Melts
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 735-738 . 
    Abstract   PDF (344KB) ( 764 )
    CaOˇs decomposition is an important reaction in the new titanium refining processes and is one of the key factors to affect the current efficiency and the energy consumption of the new titanium refining processes. In present work, the cathodic behaviors of CaO in CaCl2-0.5mol%CaO, equal molar CaCl2-NaCl-0.5mol%CaO, CaCl2-BaCl2-0.5mol%CaO and CaCl2-LiCl-0.5mol%CaOmelts were studied by cyclicvoltamme technique systematically. The reduced potentials of Ca2+ from CaCl2 and from CaO are different. NaCl doesnˇt affect the reduced potential of Ca2+ from CaO(hereafter named simply as φCa2+/Ca (⒐)), LiCl increases φCa2+/Ca (⒐) slightly, BaCl2 decreases φCa2+/Ca (⒐) evidently. The diffusion coefficients of Ca2+ from CaO in CaCl2-0.5mol%CaO, equal molar CaCl2-NaCl- 0.5mol%CaO, CaCl2-BaCl2-0.5mol%CaO and CaCl2-LiCl-0.5mol%CaO melts at 1173K were obtained.
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    Photo-electrochemical Characterization of Passive Film Formed on X80 Pipeline Steel
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 739-744 . 
    Abstract   PDF (744KB) ( 821 )
    The semi-conductive property and photo-electrochemical characterization of passive film formed on X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate/carbonate buffer solution. The factors, which affect the photo-electrochemical response of the passive film, were analyzed. The results showed that the slope of Mott-Schottky plot and the photocurrent were positive, indicating an n-type semi-conductive property of the passive film. With increment the formation potential, prolonging the formation time, decreasing the pH value of the solution,formation temperature and chloride ions concentration, the photocurrent appeared an increasing tendency, it showed that donor density of the passive film decreased.
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    Effect of electroslag remelting on tensile properties and fracture mechanism of TiC reinforced 2Cr13 stainless steel
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 745-750 . 
    Abstract   PDF (11718KB) ( 899 )
    Tensile properties of the matrix 2Cr13, TiC reinforced 2Cr13 steels prepared by in-situ reaction and electroslag remelting have been investigated. Experimental results show that introduction of TiC particles to 2Cr13 steel result in significant increase of tensile strength and remarkable decrease of ductility as well as impact toughness of the steel. The mechanism responsible for the fracture of the TiC reinforced 2Cr13 steel without electroslag remelting is mainly the failure of TiC particles due to the large size and distribution ununiformity of the particles in its microstructure. The particles in the steel processed by electroslag remelting are fine and their distribution is uniform. During tests cracking of the particles in the electroslag remelted steel is not easy to occur and the mechanism responsible for the fracture of its specimens is basically the failure of interfaces between particles and matrix.
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    THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL ATTRITION ON THE GRAIN GROWTH OF ELECTRODEPOSOTION Ni COATINGS
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    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 751-756 . 
    Abstract   PDF (9906KB) ( 5845 )
    The mechanical attrition (MA) action was supplied in a traditional electroplating process by the vertical movement of glass balls on the sample surface with a special vibrating frequency. The effect of vibrating frequency and the diameter of glass balls on the grain refinement were observed. The effect of MA on grain growth was also studied. It is demonstrated from FESEM results that the new coating shows smooth and refinement surface morphology by supplying MA. The further studies showed that the grain refinement and slow grain growth could be obtained by supplying MA. The nucleation of new grains increased with the increasing the macro and micro defects on the surface of coating induced by MA. The deposited atom was forced to slide to valley when the glass balls bumped on big grains, which made the coating surface smooth. The uniformity current line could be obtained on the smooth surface, which can increase the nucleation rate and hinder the grain growth.
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    Microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy by thermo-mechanical treatments
    yuyong chen; BaoHui Li
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 757-763 . 
    Abstract   PDF (4091KB) ( 909 )
    Thermo-mechanical treatments, through combined action of hot forging and heat treatment, were performed on a Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy to investigate their effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy. As-forged Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy is comprised of a large number of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) γ grains, curved and broken lamellae, and a small amount of remnant lamellae. The DRX γ grain size reaches 1~2μm. The deformed regions contained lots of dislocations and a little deformation twinning. As-forged Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy presents better tensile properties in comparison to as-cast material at room temperature. The ultimate tensile strength of as-forged alloy is about 708.1MPa and the elongation is about 0.95%. The fine duplex (DP), near lamellar (NL) and fully lamellar (FL) microstructures are obtained by further heat treatment. These microstructures have better room temperature ductility. The DP microstructure with lamellar colony size of about 20µm and lamellar volume fraction of about 60% is obtained by 1320℃/30min/FC. The microstructure has the highest ductility of about 1.9% and ultimate tensile strength of about 658.9MPa, and shows the transgranular and intergranular cracks. The NL microstructure with lamellar colony size of about 60µm and lamellar volume fraction of about 95% is obtained by 1340℃/30min/FC. The microstructure has the ductility of about 1.75% and ultimate tensile strength of about 690.2MPa, and mainly shows the transgranular cracks. The FL microstructure with lamellar colony size of about 40µm is obtained by 1370℃/15min/FC. The microstructure has the ductility of about 1.5% and highest ultimate tensile strength of about 715.1MPa, and shows the transgranular cracks.
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    The method to determine characteristic atom sequences of binary alloy systems
    Acta Metall Sin, 2008, 44 (6): 764-768 . 
    Abstract   PDF (1333KB) ( 732 )
    In this paper, the method to determine characteristic atom sequences of binary alloy system was pointed out by taking Pt-Ru alloy system as an example. On the basis of lattice constants and heats of formation of experimental value, the energy and volume interaction optimum functions were chosen. The basic information of characteristic atom sequences was determined. The structures and properties of disordered and ordered alloy can be expounded and designed. The correlation between electronic structure and catalytic performance of Pt-Ru alloy was discussed. As the function of coordination of Ru, the potential energy decreases and stability increases. D-orbital vacancy increases and the lattice constants decrease. This lead to strengthen catalytic activity.
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