Acta Metallurgica Sinica
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ISSN 0412-1961
CN 21-1139/TG
Started in 1956
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, Volume 15 Issue 1
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DISTRIBUTION OF NODULARIZING ELEMENTS IN R. E. TREATED SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRONS
Han Qiyong;Wu Weijiang;Fang Keming;Lu Jing;Zhang Baojun;Xie Deyi;Pei Lixia Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel Technology
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 1-187.
Abstract
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The distribution of nodularizing elements such as cerium, yttrium, magnesiumor calcium and of subversive such as sulphur in R. E. treated spheroidal graphitecast irons has been studied by means of autoradiograph, electron probe and ionmass microanalysis. The blackness of autoradiography to a first approximationshowed the content of the radioactive components in graphite and in matrix. Cer-tain graphite spherulites each contained a nucleus, the composition of which wasdifferent with different nodularizing elements. The distribution of the different nod-ularizing elements cerium, magnesium, yttrium, calcium and the subversive agentsulphur in nodular cast iron occurred in many different ways, compounds ofnodularizing elements might exist as nuclei of graphite spherulites with yttrium,magnesium and calcium etc. around them. In certain spherulites, cerium was found-to distribute uniformly but yttrium irregularly. In cast irons treated separately bycerium, yttrium or other nodularizing elements, however, hardly any rare earthwas found to enrich around most of the spherulites. In view of the complex be-havior in rare earth distribution, it would appear that graphite spherulites are form-ed far from only in a single way. The interaction due to the nodularizingelements in fact may be the result of scavenging subversives (sulphur, oxygen, etc.),in its consequence the surface tension of melt and the interfacial tension at themelt-graphite boundaries thus facilitating the formation of graphite spherulites.The mechanism of duplex graphite spherulites formation has also been primarilyexamined.
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A FLUID-DYNAMICAL LOWER DENSITY SIMULATION TEST FOR LD CONVERTER
Li Disheng;Han Ren;Xie Chuanshu Research Institute of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 12-22.
Abstract
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Applying the similarity theory based upon the behaviour of the supersonicoxygen jet of 2.12 and 1.465 Mach respectively and upon its interaction withthe bath, certain simulation tests for 50-ton LD converter have been carried out. Incase of geometry and boundary condition similarities, a new test, the so called"lower density simulation", has been proposed to realize not only the jet dynam-ics but also its interaction with bath. In all, five tests simulating the jet dynam-ics behaviour under various conditions, its interaction with bath, the inlluenceof fluid dynamics on rate of carburization in bath, etc. were conducted. The rel-iability of such lower density simulation tests for LD converter was subjected totheoretical analysis and further verified by experimental results obtained by NACA.
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A MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT ON CROSS ROLLER DESIGN
Chen Huibo Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 23-38.
Abstract
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With a view to developing new techniques on steel rolling it would be help-ful to analyze and sythesize the cross roller shape by mathematical treatment.The shaping principle of passes and related computing or drawing methods arestudied by solving the conditional limit value of binary function and the principleof conjugate surface. It is found that different varieties of cross rollers could beobtained by the combinations of the four kinds of typical surfaces proposed onthe basis of design principle of "linear contact". The application of the afore-mentioned mathematical treatment to pipe or rod straightening practice is shownto be satisfactory.
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A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND THERMOTECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF A TOP-FIRED STOVE
Liu Dehua;Shao Jingwen Institute of Chemical Metallurgy; Academia Sinica
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 39-43.
Abstract
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The thermotechnical performance and construction of a new type top-firedstove shown in this paper are better than internal and external combustion cham-ber stoves, and therefore it may be adaptable to high top pressures and high tem-peratures blast furnaces. The stove construction may also be suitable for rebuildingthe existing internal combustion chamber stoves, as well as for designing hot blaststoves for high blast temperatures and high pressures. Reasonable approach to theconstruction and arrangement of the top-fired stoves has been suggested.
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TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ROUND THE MOLTEN SLAG POOL IN THE PROCESS OF ELECTROSLAG REFINING
Fu Jie;Chen Chongxi;Chen Enpu;Wang Yong Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel Technology
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 44-50.
Abstract
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Temperature distribution round the molten slag pool in the process of electro-slag refining has been studied under various industrial conditions. It was found thatthe temperature of the molten slag pool along the radial direction and thatalong the axial direction were uneven. A decreasing temperature gradient was observ-ed along radial direction from eletrode centre to mould wall and along axial directionfrom molten metal pool/slag interface to slag/atmosphere interface. At the slag/atmo-sphere interface the temperature dropped sharply. Under certain experimental condi-tions the change of temperature along the axial direction at the middle of the distancebetween the electrode cylindrical surface and mould wall was found in accordancewith: t=1675 exp(-1.074/l),(5mm≤l≤210mm)where t = the slag temperature, ℃; l=the distance from the slag/atmosphere in-terface, mm. The difference between axial temperatures was greater than 300℃,and the temperature at slag/atmosphere interface was below 1350℃. In the molten slag pool, there existed a "high temperature region" in whichthe temperature distribution appeared to be rather even and its temperature gra-dient was only about 30℃. If the insulation of the mould from its base platewas poor, thus allowing electric current flowing from the mould wall to ingot, thetitanium loss during the electroslag refining of superalloys would be great, becausethe rather high temperature at the slag/atmosphere interface rendered the admis-sion of a greater amount of oxygen as well as promoted a more rapid transferof chemical reactants and products.
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DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF LANTHANUM OXIDE IN ESR SLAGS
Hong Yanruo;Bai Jiangtian
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 51-57.
Abstract
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A chemical equilibrium method has been used to determine the activity ofLa_2O_3 in CaF_2-base ESR slags and the effect of CaO, MgO and Al_2O_3 has beenstudied. It is shown that the activity of La_2O_3 (α_(La_2O_3)) increases rapidly with itsconcentration in the binary system La_2O_3-CaF_2 as represented by α_(La_2O_3)=N_(La_2O_3)~(1.59).Expressions of α_(La_2O_3) in slags containing CaO and MgO are: α_(La_2O_3(30%La_2O_3))=0. 0219+0. 0651N_(CaO) α_(La_2O_3(30%La_2O_3,10%CaO))=0. 0331+0. 0365N_(MgO)~(1.4)Thus, either CaO or MgO increases γ_(La_2O_3) and the effect of CaO is more mark-ed owing to its greater basicity. On the other hand, Al_2O_2 was found to lowerγ_(La_2O_3), especially when its content was in excess of 5%. Assuming that interactionbetween CaF_2, CaO and MgO when they coexisted would not alter the individualeffects upon α_(La_2O_3) as shown above, equations of more general applications maybe put forward for approximate calculations of α_(La_2O_3) in such ESR slags.
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ANISOTROPIC THERMAL EXPANSION AND FRACTURE OF RADIALLY ORIENTED TOROIDS OF RE-Co PERMANENT MAGNETS
Sun Tianduo;Zhu Jinghan;Wang Dewen Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel Research
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 58-188.
Abstract
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The mechanism of the fracture of radially oriented toriods of sintered SmCo_5has been investigated. It showed that the fracture of radially oriented toroids af-ter sintering may be caused by wild anisotropy of thermal expansion. An expres-sion of orientability in critic fracture has been derived. Their orientability notonly calculated by this expression but also obtained from experiments should notbe more than 0.7. The anisotropic behaviour of their thermal expansion may bemarkedly reduced by a partial substitution of Cu for Co and a shift of its com-position toward the Co enriched 2-17 phase region. Noticeably, both Sm(Co_(0.80)Cu_(0.14)Fe_(0.06)), and Sm(Co_(0.87)Cu_(0.13))_8 are almost completely isotropic. It seems thatthey are the ideal materials for radially oriented toroids of best performace. Theorigin of anisotropy of thermal expansion has been further discussed and that thepossibility of Cu atoms partially substituting the 2c sites in Sm (Co,Cu)_5 was sug-gested.
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AN ELECTRON DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PHASES IN A 18Ni-Co-Mo-Ti MARAGING STEEL
Ye Hengqinag;Zou Bensan Institute of Metal Research; Academia Sinica
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 69-191.
Abstract
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The precipitates responsible for strengthening in a 18Ni-Co-Mo-Ti maragingsteel are Ni_3Ti and Ni_3Mo as identified by TEM. It should be pointed out thatusing selected-area diffraction patterns, the two precipitates were discerned sepa-rately only when certain specific orientations of the matrix crystal were chosen.The polygonal shape of the diffraction spots has been discussed in light of theshape factor effects of the Ni_3Mo particles.
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ON THE EXAMINATION OF FRACTURED SURFACE BY SEM
Liao Qianchu;Sun Fuyu;Lan Fenlan Beijing Institute of Iron and Steel Research
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 77-194.
Abstract
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Methods adopted in our laboratory for the examination of fractured surfaceby SEM may proceed in four ways: (1) ECP analysis technique; (2) Surface trace analysis technique; (3) Dihedral angle analysis technique; (4) Etch pits analysis technique.The limitation of each singular technique has been discussed, and it is obviousthat they should be used complemental to each other.
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ON THE STABILITY OF BINARY COMPLEX OXIDES
Chen Nianyi;Wen Yuankai Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy; Academia Sinica University of Science and Technology of china
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 85-93.
Abstract
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Factors concerning with the stability of binary complex oxides has been stu-died. For complex oxides with ionic bonds,the main factors determining the heatof formation of such oxides appear to be the relevant ionic radius and the va-lency of the component elements. For oxides with partial covalency, however, thescreening parameter proposed in this paper may also be important in addition tothe factors mentioned above.
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0412-1961
PREDICATION ON BINARY AMORPHOUS ALLOYS FORMATION WITH BOND-PARAMETRIC DIAGRAM
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 94-97.
Abstract
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Shi Tiansheng;Zheng Longru;Chen Nianyi Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy, Academia Sinica
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A SIMPLIFIED FORMULA TO CALCULATE HEAT OF FORMATION OF OXYACID SALT AND MINERAL
Wen Yuankai;Shao Jun;Wang Sanshan;Chen Dewei University of Science and Technology of China
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 98-108.
Abstract
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The heat of formation of oxyacid salt, △H_f°.M_mYO_(n+1), may be expressed bysumming up the heat of formation of individual component oxide, △H°_(f[m_mO]) and△H_(f,YO_n) and the heat of reaction evolved in the combination of its componentoxides, H_R, thus: △H_(f.M_nYO_(n+1))=△H_(f,M_mO)+△H_(f,YO_n)+H_R Using the "parameter of formation energy of metallic ion, W_f", previouslysuggested by the authors, the heat of reaction, H_R, may be calculated as:H_R=αW_f+b, where α and b are constants depended upon acidity of oxyacid. A great deal of examples of 205 oxyacid salts, some complex silicate mineralsand a few salts under high temperatures, their heats of formation have been cal-culated by this simplified formula in order to ascertain their heats of formation,the results obtained agree well with experiments. The thermal stability and decomposition temperature, T_d, of oxyacid salts havealso been briefly discussed.
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SELECTION OF FLUXES FOR ALUMINUM BRAZING
Zhang Qiyun;Zheng Chaogui;Liu Shuqi Dept. of Chemistry; Beijing University
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 109-116.
Abstract
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The flux for aluminum brazing is constituted by three agents, e.g. the cov-ering, the oxide-film removal and the interfacial activating agent. Fifteen systemsof various covering agents were examined based on the spreading area of filler onparent metal. The systems of (Li+Sr)Cl, (Li+Na+K)Cl and (Ca+Na+K)Cl werefound to be suitable, those containing iodides and bromides, however, were worstbecause of deposition during melting. The oxide-film removal agents tested werefluorides or fluorine-containing complex compounds, in which LiF was the best.Many chlorides adaptable as interfacial activating agents were scanned. TlCl wasfound to be suitable for all the three metallic base plates tested, e.g. the pure al-uminum, the Al-Mg2.8 and the Al-Cu4.9-Mg1.8. ZnCl_2 and CdCl_2 were good forpure aluminum. BiCl_3 and PbCl_2 were rejected because of causing "dirt" on theparent metal. The most effective content of interfacial activating agent was foundto be about 3 mol%. Owing to the absence of a liquid-metal activated layer, theaction of the flux would not be apparent during brazing. In such a case, ZnCl_2acted the worst, and TlCl the best. The non-fusible loose-cotton-like clusters form-ed in the pool of molten fluxes may be resulted from the LiCl dehydration pro-cess. For convenience, suitable constituents of fluxes for aluminum brazing arelisted in the text.
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DETERMINATION OF PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY SUSPENSION FILTRATION
Mei Yinnian
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 117-125.
Abstract
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The regular change of particle size distribution of suspension before and af-ter filtration has been quantitatively analyzed by simulation of the filtration pro-cess. An equation of pore size distribution of porous materials is proposed and asuspension filtration method to calibrate the pore size distribution of porous mate-rials is established. Experimental results appear to be in good agreement withthose calculated by this equation, thus proving the reliability of this method.Under certain conditions the pore size distribution calibrated by this method givesquantitative estimation of the filtration efficiency for given filtrating suspension,and in such a case the selection of filter material would be much easier.
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IN-DEPTH COMPOSITIONAL PROFILE ANALYSIS BY GLOW DISCHARGE EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS APPLICATION TO SURFACE COATING ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN MOLYBDENUM ALLOY SHEET
Xu Shengmei;Zhang Gongzhu;Zhang Hongdu;Yu Bo;Wang Shumei Institute of Metal Research; Academia Sinica
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 126-195.
Abstract
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An attempt has been made to use glow discharge as a light source for emis-sion spectroscopy to in-depth analysis of metal surface on a quantitative basis.According to the general theory of the cathode sputtering and low-pressure dischar-ge, a formula of working curve for spectrographic analysis corrected with currentstrength is given as: (I_j)_a=k(ε_j)_aAq_a(C_j)_awhere the subscripts "j" and "a" refer to a particular element "j" in a sample "a";"I" is the line intensity of element "j"; "ε", the excitation efficiency is a functionof the effective cross section of an atom colloided by electrons, the electron con-centration and the velocity distribution of an electron; "c", the weight percentageof elements; "A", the current strength; "q", the sputtering rate and "k" a constant. Experimental results show that under constant electrical potential and gas pres-sure, the working curves of pure Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and the Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Znin Fe-Cr, Ni-Cr, Cu-Zn alloys respectively are in complete coincidence after tak-ing into account of the correction of current strength. Thus, the excitation effi-ciency appears to be solely characteristic for a particular element and is independentof the chemical composition of the sample. Moreover, the matrix effect has beenfound to be negligible in the glow discharge source after current correction. Basedon the above results, a new technique for spectrographic quantitative in-depth analy-sis of metal surface with a pure metal as a standard has been adopted for the de-termination of the composition of a B-SiTi-SiB coating on a molybdenum alloysheet. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by electron probe,X-ray diffraction and metallographic observations. The total thickness analyzed bythis technique is capable of being from a few micrometers up to ten or more mi-crometers and the depth resolution as estimated may be 2-3 micrometers.
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METALLURGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN STEAM POWER PLANT
R.I. Jaffee
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 135-154.
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As a member of American Metallurgists Delegation, Dr. R. I. Jaffee, 1978President of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, delivered an interesting lecture en-titled "Metallurgical Developments in Steam Power Plant" in Beijing on Novem-ber 13, 1978. The lecture contains (1) development of steam power plant and itsrelated metallurgical problems, (2) titanium alloy blades for final stages of lowpressure steam turbine and (3) massive forgings of turbine rotor and generator.Wehave great pleasure to publish this paper for which Dr. R. I. Jaffee readily agreed.It is hoped that the publication of this paper in Acta Metallurgica Sinica will pro-mote and strengthen scientific intercourse between the Chinese and American me-tallurgists.
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ON THE FORMATION OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
Zheng Zhaobo Dept;of Physics; University of Science and Technology of China
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 155-166.
Abstract
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A general survey on theories of glass or amorphous solid formation, includingthe nature of glass transformation, the theory of free volume and that of entropy,the capability on the retention of the amorphous state as well as methods for de-termining the necessary critical cooling rates etc., has been carried out. The re-sults of kinetic treatment of amorphous solid formation shown by D. Turnbulland D. R. Uhlman and their co-workers have received particular attention.
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ON THE TESTING METHODS OF MICROHARDNESS BY DETERMINATION OF CONSTANT & RELATIVE COMPARISON
Zhao Suoshen;Gui Yunping Shanghai № 3 Steel Works Shanghai Institute of Atomic Nucleus
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 167-172.
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THE 1978 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CHINESE SOCIETY OF METALS HELD FROM DECEMBER 28, 1978 TO JANUARY 7, 1979 IN BEIJING
No Author
Acta Metall Sin, 1979,
15
(1): 173-175.
Abstract
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(323KB) (
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