Basic Research in Development and Applicationof Cast Superalloy

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00371

Acta Metall Sin

2018, Vol. 54

Issue (11): 1637-1652 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00371

Materials and Processes

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Basic Research in Development and Applicationof Cast Superalloy

Jian ZHANG(

), Langhong LOU

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

Jian ZHANG, Langhong LOU. Basic Research in Development and Applicationof Cast Superalloy. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(11): 1637-1652.

Download:

HTML

PDF(5240KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Cast superalloy is widely used in aerospace and energy industry. The research and development of these alloys is correlated with a large variety of materials and disciplines. The technology readiness level (TRL) of advanced cast superalloys is generally a mirror of the industry base of a country. China has made great progress in the field under the strong pull of demand in recent years. However, many issues are emerging in the industrial applications, reflecting a low TRL of advanced materials and a large gap between China and the developed countries. We present (1) development of directionally solidified and single crystal superalloys, (2) processing techniques of complex castings and (3) service behavior of blades as examples in this paper to explain the important role of basic research in research and development of cast superalloys.

Key words: cast superalloy blade basic research

Received: 16 August 2018

ZTFLH:

TG24

Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51631008, 51201164, 51671196, 50901079, 51771204 and U1732131), National Basic Research Program of China (No.2010CB631201), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos.2017YFB0702904 and 2016YFB0701403)

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	Jian ZHANG
	Langhong LOU

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00371 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2018/V54/I11/1637

Fig.1 Schematic of research and development procedure of cast superalloy (DS—directional solidification)

Fig.2 Effect of Re addition on hot corrosion resistance of Ni-base single crystal (SX) superalloy (t—time)^[9]

Fig.3 Microstructure evolution (insets) during 900 ℃, 24000 h thermal exposure and its effect on creep rupture life^[18]

Fig.4 L-M plots of DZ411 and DD410 alloys comparing the creep rupture life below and over 5000 h (Inset shows M₂₃C₆ precipitated in DD410 alloy during long term creep tests; σ—strength, T—temperature)

Fig.5 Sizes of S-pores and H-pores in DD33 superalloy during solution heat treatment at 1330 ℃. Evolution of micro-pores was observed by XCT, one type of the micro-pores is the solidification pores (S-pores), and the second kind of micro-pores is named as H-pores, which has been observed during solution heat treatment of the SX alloys. The equivalent diameter (D_eq, μm) of micro-pores is labeled in the bracket^[26]

Fig.6 Creep rupture lives of DD410 alloy with tilt and twist grain boundaries at 760 ℃ (Insets show the TEM and HRTEM images of grain boundaries (GBs))^[35]

Fig.7 Normalized creep rupture lives of directional solidification and single-crystal superalloys at high temperature (a) and intermediate temperature (b) as a function of transverse recrystallization area fraction (A_RX—the area of the recrystallization on the cross section, A—the area of the cross section of the specimen)^{[43,52,53,55~60]}

Fig.8 Grain structures of fine grain (a) and dual structural blisk (b)

Fig.9 Simulated temperature profiles of the blade with different sizes and the experimental criterion (dash line) showing that the surface reaction would be avoided if the volume of the blade is reduced to 30% of its original size. The experimental criterion (dash line) is obtained from the observation of thickness and morphology of the reaction layers on surface of DZ411. No reaction was observed below the dash line^[89]

Fig.10 Morphologies of gas turbine after long term service
(a~c) γ’, MC and internal surface oxidation at tip of airfoil (d, e) γ’ and MC in ablation zone
(f) MC in middle zone of upper section (g, h) γ’ and MC in lower section of airfoil
(i, j) γ’ and MC near cooling passage in lower section of airfoil (k, l) γ’ and coating in root section

Fig.11 Thermal fatigue (room temperature~1100 ℃, water quenching) behaviors of single crystal superalloy with different secondary orientations (Insets show the morphologies around cooling holes (0.5 mm in diameter) after 0, 80 and 120 cyc)^[111]

[1]	Cahn R W.The Coming of Materials Science [M]. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press, 2001: 352
[2]	Schafrik R E.Materials for a non-steady-state world[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2016, 47B: 1505
[3]	Reed R C, Moverare J J, Sato A, et al.A new single crystal superalloy for power generation applications [A]. Superalloys 2012: 12th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2012: 197
[4]	Mottura A, Warnken N, Miller M K, et al.Atom probe tomography analysis of the distribution of rhenium in nickel alloys[J]. Acta Mater., 2010, 58: 931
[5]	Ding Q Q, Li S Z, Chen L Q, et al.Re segregation at interfacial dislocation network in a nickel-based superalloy[J]. Acta Mater., 2018, 154: 137
[6]	Tang Y L, Huang M, Xiong J C, et al.Evolution of superdislocation structures during tertiary creep of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy at high temperature and low stress[J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 126: 336
[7]	Reed R C, Mottura A, Crudden D J.Alloys-by-design: Towards optimization of compositions of nickel-based superalloys [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 15
[8]	Stewart C A, Rhein R K, Suzuki A, et al.Oxide scale formation in novel γ-γ' cobalt-based alloys [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 991
[9]	Chang J X, Wang D, Zhang G, et al.Effect of Re and Ta on hot corrosion resistance of nickel-base single crystal superalloys [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 177
[10]	Chang J X, Wang D, Liu X G, et al.Effect of rhenium addition on hot corrosion resistance of Ni-based single crystal superalloys[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2018, 49A: 4343
[11]	Chang J X, Wang D, Liu T, et al.Role of tantalum in the hot corrosion of a Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J]. Corros. Sci., 2015, 98: 585
[12]	Chang J X, Wang D, Zhang G, et al.Interaction of Ta and Cr on Type-I hot corrosion resistance of single crystal Ni-base superalloys[J]. Corros. Sci., 2017, 117: 35
[13]	Campbell C E, Boettinger W J, Kattner U R.Development of a diffusion mobility database for Ni-base superalloys[J]. Acta Mater., 2002, 50: 775
[14]	Sarioglu C, Stinner C, Blachere J R, et al.The control of sulfur content in nickel-base single crystal superalloys and its effects on cyclic oxidation resistance [A]. Superalloys 1996: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1996: 71
[15]	Reed R C.The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications [M]. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 172
[16]	Seth B B.Superalloys-the utility gas turbine perspective [A]. Superalloys 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2000: 3
[17]	Li H, Wang L, Lou L H.Dendritic coarsening of γ' phase in a directionally solidified superalloy during 24,000 h of exposure at 1173 K[J]. Mater. Charact., 2010, 61: 502
[18]	Jiang X W, Wang D, Xie G, et al.The effect of long-term thermal exposure on the microstructure and stress rupture property of a directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, 45A: 6016
[19]	Zhang H W, Qin X Z, Wu Y S, et al.Effects of Cr content on the microstructure and stress rupture property of a directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy during long-term thermal exposure[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, A718: 449
[20]	Pal J, Srinivasan D, Cheng E.Effect of rejuvenation heat treatment and aging on the microstructural evolution in Rene N5 single crystal Ni base superalloy blades [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 285
[21]	Yao Z, Degnan C C, Jepson M A E, et al. Effect of rejuvenation heat treatments on gamma prime distributions in a Ni based superalloy for power plant applications[J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29: 775
[22]	Qin X Z, Guo J T, Yuan C, et al.Effects of long-term thermal exposure on the microstructure and properties of a cast Ni-base superalloy[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2007, 38A: 3014
[23]	Jiang X W, Wang D, Wang D, et al.The effect of reheat treatment on microstructure and stress rupture property of a directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy after long-term thermal exposure[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, A694: 48
[24]	Huang Q Y, Li H K.Superalloy [M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2000: 385(黄乾尧, 李汉康. 高温合金[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2000: 385)
[25]	Koizumi Y, Harada H, Kobayashi T, et al.Long-term creep property of a second-generation nickel-base single-crystal superalloy, TMS82+[J]. J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 2005, 69: 743
[26]	Li X W, Wang L, Dong J S, et al.Evolution of micro-pores in a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy during solution heat treatment[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2017, 48A: 2682
[27]	Wan J S, Yue Z F, Lu Z Z.Casting microporosity growth in single-crystal superalloys by a three-dimensional unit cell analysis[J]. Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, 13: 875
[28]	Le Graverend J B, Adrien J, Cormier J. Ex-situ X-ray tomography characterization of porosity during high-temperature creep in a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy: Toward understanding what is damage[J]. Mater Sci Eng., 2017, A695: 367
[29]	Chen Q Z, Kong Y H, Jones C N, et al.Porosity reduction by minor additions in RR2086 superalloy[J]. Scr. Mater., 2004, 51: 155
[30]	Shi Q Y, Li X H, Zheng Y R, et al.Formation of solidification and homogenisation micropores in two single crystal superalloys produced by HRS and LMC processes[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2012, 48: 1237(石倩颖, 李相辉, 郑运荣等. HRS和LMC工艺制备的两种镍基单晶高温合金铸态及固溶微孔的形成[J]. 金属学报, 2012, 48: 1237)
[31]	Matuszewski K, Matysiak H, Jaroszewicz J, et al.Influence of Bridgman process conditions on microstructure and porosity of single crystal Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4[J]. Int. J. Cast. Met. Res., 2014, 27: 329
[32]	Liu L, Husseini N S, Torbet C J, et al.In situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of high-cycle fatigue crack propagation in single-crystal nickel-base alloys[J]. Acta Mater., 2011, 59: 5103
[33]	Li J R, Zhao J Q, Liu S Z, et al.Effects of low angle boundaries on the mechanical properties of single crystal superalloy DD6 [A]. Superalloys 2008: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2008: 443
[34]	Chen Q Z, Jones C N, Knowles D M.The grain boundary microstructures of the base and modified RR 2072 bicrystal superalloys and their effects on the creep properties[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2004, A385: 402
[35]	Wang Y, Wang D, Zhang G, et al.Characterization of tilt and twist low angle grain boundaries and their effects on intermediate-temperature creep deformation behaviour [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 757
[36]	Ross E W, O'Hara K S. René N4: A first generation single crystal turbine airfoil alloy with improved oxidation resistance, low angle boundary strength and superior long time rupture strength [A]. Superalloys 1996: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1996: 19
[37]	Shah D M, Cetel A.Evaluation of PWA1483 for large single crystal IGT blade applications [A]. Superalloys 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2000: 295
[38]	Zhao Y S, Zhao Y S, Zhang J, et al.Effect of Hf and B on transverse and longitudinal creep of a Re-containing nickel-base bicrystal superalloy [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th Intenational Symposium of Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 683
[39]	Stinville J C, Gallup K, Pollock T M.Transverse creep of nickel-base superalloy bicrystals[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2015, 46A: 2516
[40]	Shu Y F, Zhu J X, Zhang J, et al.Back reflection structure digital X-ray crystal orientation device and X-ray detector thereof [P]. Chin Pat, 201510998096.X, 2016(舒岩峰, 朱锦霞, 张健等. 背反射结构数字化X射线晶体定向仪及其X射线探测器 [P]. 中国专利, 201510998096.X, 2016)
[41]	Tao C H, Zhang W F, Shi H J, et al.Recrystallization of Directionally Solidified Superalloy [M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2007: 187(陶春虎, 张卫方, 施惠基等. 定向凝固高温合金的再结晶 [M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2007: 187)
[42]	B?rgel R, Portella P D, Preuhs J.Recrystallization in single crystals of nickel base superalloys [A]. Superalloys 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale: TMS, 2000: 229
[43]	Sun Z G.Recrystallization behaviour of Ni-base superalloy DZ17G [D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2007(孙志国. DZ17G镍基高温合金再结晶行为研究 [D]. 沈阳: 东北大学, 2007)
[44]	Wang L, Pyczak F, Zhang J, et al.Effect of eutectics on plastic deformation and subsequent recrystallization in the single crystal nickel base superalloy CMSX-4[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2012, A532: 487
[45]	Wang L, Xie G, Zhang J, et al.On the role of carbides during the recrystallization of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy[J]. Scr. Mater., 2006, 55: 457
[46]	Wang L, Xie G, Lou L H.Effect of carbon content on the recrystallization of a single crystal nickel-based superalloy[J]. Mater. Lett., 2013, 109: 154
[47]	Mathur H N, Panwisawas C, Jones C N, et al.Nucleation of recrystallisation in castings of single crystal Ni-based superalloys[J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 129: 112
[48]	Xie G, Zhang J, Lou L H.Effect of heat treatment atmosphere on surface recrystallization of a directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy[J]. Scr. Mater., 2008, 59: 858
[49]	Xie G, Wang L, Zhang J, et al.Orientational dependence of recrystallization in an Ni-base single-crystal superalloy[J]. Scr. Mater., 2012, 66: 378
[50]	Zambaldi C, Roters F, Raabe D, et al. Modeling and experiments on the indentation deformation and recrystallization of a single-crystal nickel-base superalloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2007, A454-455: 433
[51]	Pu S, Xie G, Zheng W, et al.Effect of W and Re on deformation and recrystallization of solution heat treated Ni-based single crystal superalloys[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 51: 239(濮晟, 谢光, 郑伟等. W和Re元素对固溶态镍基单晶高温合金变形和再结晶的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51: 239)
[52]	Xie G, Wang L, Zhang J, et al.Influence of recrystallization on the high-temperature properties of a directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2008, 39A: 206
[53]	Xie G, Wang L, Zhang J, et al.Intermediate temperature creep of directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy containing local recrystallization[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2011, A528: 3062
[54]	Xie G, Wang L, Zhang J, et al.High temperature creep of directionally solidified Ni base superalloys containing local recrystallization [A]. Superalloys 2008: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale: TMS, 2008: 453
[55]	Zheng Y R, Ruan Z C, Wang S C.Effect of surface recrystallization on the endurance strength of DZ22[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 1995, 31(suppl.): 325(郑运荣, 阮中慈, 王顺才. DZ22合金的表层再结晶及其对持久性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 1995, 31(增刊): 325)
[56]	Khan T, Caron P, Nakagawa Y G.Mechanical behavior and processing of DS and single crystal superalloys[J]. JOM, 1986, 38(7): 16
[57]	Wang D L.Recrystallization of several Ni-base superalloys [D]. Shenyang: Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006(王东林. 几种镍基高温合金再结晶问题的研究 [D]. 沈阳: 中国科学院金属研究所, 2006)
[58]	Meng J, Jin T, Sun X F, et al.Effect of surface recrystallization on the creep rupture properties of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2010, A527: 6119
[59]	Zhang B, Lu X, Liu D L, et al.Influence of recrystallization on high-temperature stress rupture property and fracture behavior of single crystal superalloy[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2012, A551: 149
[60]	Shi Z X, Liu S Z, Wang X G, et al.Effects of heat treatment on surface recrystallization and stress rupture properties of a fourth-generation single-crystal superalloy after grit blasting[J]. Acta Metall. Sin.(Engl. Lett.), 2017, 30: 614
[61]	Ma X, Shi H J, Gu J, et al.Influence of surface recrystallization on the low cycle fatigue behaviour of a single crystal superalloy[J]. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2015, 38: 340
[62]	Okazaki M, Hiura T, Suzuki T.Effect of local cellular transformation on fatigue small crack growth in CMSX-4 and CMSX-2 at high temperature [A]. Superalloys 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale: TMS, 2000: 505
[63]	Goodlet B R, Rettberg L H, Pollock T M.Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for defect detection in single crystal superalloy castings [A]. Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2016: 303
[64]	Panwisawas C, Mathur H, Gebelin J C, et al.Prediction of recrystallization in investment cast single-crystal superalloys[J]. Acta Mater., 2013, 61(1): 51
[65]	Corrigan J, Vogt R G, Mihalisin J R.Single crystal superalloy articles with reduced grain recrystallization [P]. Europe Pat, EP 1038982A1, 2000
[66]	Salkeld R W, Field T T, Ault E A.Preparation of single crystal superalloys for post-casting heat treatment [P]. US Pat, 5413648, 1995
[67]	Xie G, Zhang J, Lou L H.Effect of cyclic recovery heat treatment on surface recrystallization of a directionally solidified superalloy[J]. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., 2011, 21: 491
[68]	Bhaumik S K, Bhaskaran T A, Rangaraju R, et al.Failure of turbine rotor blisk of an aircraft engine[J]. Eng. Fail. Anal., 2002, 9: 287
[69]	Liu L, Huang T W, Xiong Y H, et al.Grain refinement of superalloy K4169 by addition of refiners: Cast structure and refinement mechanisms[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, A394: 1
[70]	Yin F S, Sun X F, Li J G, et al.Effects of melt treatment on the cast structure of M963 superalloy[J]. Scr. Mater., 2003, 48: 425
[71]	Brinegar J R, Chamberlain K R, Vresics J J, et al.Method of forming a fine-grained equiaxed casting [P]. US Pat, 4832112, 1989
[72]	Li X, Gagnoud A, Fautrelle Y, et al.Dendrite fragmentation and columnar-to-equiaxed transition during directional solidification at lower growth speed under a strong magnetic field[J]. Acta Mater., 2012, 60: 3321
[73]	Feng X H, Yang Y S.Numerical modeling of crystal growth of a nickel-based superalloy with applied direct current[J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 2011, 334: 170
[74]	Ma X P, Li Y J, Yang Y S.Grain refinement effect of a pulsed magnetic field on as-cast superalloy K417[J]. J. Mater. Res., 2009, 24: 2670
[75]	Flemings M C.Behavior of metal alloys in the semisolid state[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 1991, 22A: 957.
[76]	Fan Z.Semisolid metal processing[J]. Int. Mater. Rev., 2002, 47: 49
[77]	Pollock T M, Murphy W H, Goldman E H, et al.Grain defect formation during directional solidification of nickel base single crystals [A]. Superalloys 1992: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1992: 125
[78]	Shi Z X, Liu S Z, Li J R.Sliver formation mechanism of single crystal superalloy during directional solidification proscess[J]. Hot Working Technol., 2013, 42(13): 31(史振学, 刘世忠, 李嘉荣. 单晶高温合金定向凝固过程中条带的形成机制[J]. 热加工工艺, 2013, 42(13): 31)
[79]	Aveson J W, Tennant P A, Foss B J, et al.On the origin of sliver defects in single crystal investment castings[J]. Acta Mater., 2013, 61: 5162
[80]	Ruvalcaba D, Mathiesen R H, Eskin D G, et al.In situ observations of dendritic fragmentation due to local solute-enrichment during directional solidification of an aluminum alloy[J]. Acta Mater., 2007, 55: 4287
[81]	Aveson J W.Studying flow effects on dendrite fragmentation using Rayleigh-Bénard convection[J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28: 1014
[82]	Van Hoose J R, Grugel R N, Tewari S N, et al. Observation of misoriented tertiary dendrite arms during controlled directional solidification in aluminum-7 Wt pct silicon alloys[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2012, 43A: 4724
[83]	Zhang J, Lou L H.Directional solidification assisted by liquid metal cooling[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2007, 23: 289
[84]	Liu L, Sun D J, Huang T W, et al.Directional solidification under high thermal gradient and its application in superalloys processing[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 54: 615(刘林, 孙德建, 黄太文等. 高梯度定向凝固技术及其在高温合金制备中的应用[J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54: 615)
[85]	Elliott A J, Pollock M T, Tin S, et al.Directional solidification of large superalloy castings with radiation and liquid-metal cooling: A comparative assessment[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2004, 35A: 3221
[86]	Liu C, Li K W, Shen J, et al.Improved castability of directionally solidified, Ni-based superalloy by the liquid metal cooling process[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2012, 43A: 405
[87]	Elliott A J, Karney G B, Gigliotti M F X, et al. Issues in processing by the liquid-Sn assisted directional solidification technique [A]. Superalloys 2004: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2004: 421
[88]	Lohmüeller A, E?er W, Go?mann J, et al.Improved quality and economics of investment castings by liquid metal cooling—The selection of cooling media [A]. Superalloys 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2000: 181
[89]	Shen J, Xu Z G, Lu Y Z, et al.Reaction of Ni-based superalloy with liquid Sn during liquid-metal-cooled directional solidification[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2018, 49A: 4003
[90]	Tao C H.Failure Analysis and Prevention for Rotor in Aero-Engine [M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2000: 6(陶春虎. 航空发动机转动部件的失效与预防 [M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2000: 6)
[91]	Carter T J.Common failures in gas turbine blades[J]. Eng. Fail. Anal., 2005, 12: 237
[92]	Lee H S, Yoo K B, Kim D S, et al.Degradation of thermal barrier coated superalloy component during service[J]. J. Fail. Anal. Prev., 2007, 7: 250
[93]	Liburdi J, Lowden P, Nagy D, et al.Practical experience with the development of superalloy rejuvenation [A]. The ASME Turbo Expo[C]. New York: ASME, 2009: 1
[94]	Viswanathan R, Dolbec A C.Life assessment technology for combustion turbine blade[J]. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 1987, 109: 115
[95]	Stevens R A, Flewitt P E J. The dependence of creep rate on microstructure in a γ' strengthened superalloy[J]. Acta Metall., 1981, 29: 867
[96]	Sun E, Heffernan T, Helmink R.Stress rupture and fatigue in thin wall single crystal superalloys with cooling holes [A]. Superalloys 2012: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2012: 353
[97]	Srivastava A, Gopagoni S, Needleman A, et al.Effect of specimen thickness on the creep response of a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy[J]. Acta Mater., 2012, 60: 5697
[98]	Seetharaman V, Cetel A D.Thickness debit in creep properties of PWA 1484 [A]. Superalloys 2004: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superalloys[C]. Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2004: 207
[99]	Dryepondt S, Monceau D, Crabos F, et al.Static and dynamic aspects of coupling between creep behavior and oxidation on MC2 single crystal superalloy at 1150 ℃[J]. Acta Mater., 2005, 53: 4199
[100]	Stowell E Z.Stress and strain concentration at a circular hole in an infinite plate [R]. Washington: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1950
[101]	Yu Q M, Yue Z F, Wen Z X.Creep damage evolution in a modeling specimen of nickel-based single crystal superalloys air-cooled blades[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2008, A477: 319
[102]	Zhang Y Y, Qiu W H, Shi H J, et al.Effects of secondary orientations on long fatigue crack growth in a single crystal superalloy[J]. Eng. Fract. Mech., 2015, 136: 172
[103]	Suzuki S, Sakaguchi M, Inoue H.Temperature dependent fatigue crack propagation in a single crystal Ni-base superalloy affected by primary and secondary orientations[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, A724: 559
[104]	Latief F H, Kakehi K, Murakami H.Anisotropic creep properties of aluminized Ni-based single-crystal superalloy at intermediate and high temperatures[J]. Scr. Mater., 2013, 68: 126
[105]	Latief F H, Kakehi K, Sherif E S M. High temperature oxidation behavior of aluminide on a Ni-based single crystal superalloy in different surface orientations[J]. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., 2014, 24: 163
[106]	Wen Z X, Mao H Z, Yue Z F, et al.The Influence of crystal orientation on vibration characteristics of DD6 nickel-base single crystal superalloy turbine blade[J]. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23: 372
[107]	Zhou Z J, Wang L, Wang D, et al.Effect of secondary orientation on room temperature tensile behaviors of Ni-base single crystal superalloys[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A659: 130
[108]	Zhou Z J, Liu T, Pu S, et al.Effect of holes on the room temperature tensile behaviors of thin wall specimens with (210) side surface of Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 647: 802
[109]	Kakehi K.Effect of plastic anisotropy on tensile strength of single crystals of an Ni-based superalloy[J]. Scr. Mater., 1999, 42: 197
[110]	Zhou Z J, Wang L, Wen J L, et al.Effect of skew angle of holes on the tensile behavior of a Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 628: 158
[111]	Wang L, Zhou Z J, Zhang S H, et al.Crack initiation and propagation around holes of Ni-based single crystal superalloy during thermal fatigue cycle[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 51: 1273(王莉, 周忠娇, 张少华等. 镍基单晶高温合金冷热循环过程中圆孔周围裂纹萌生与扩展行为[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51: 1273)
[112]	Zhou Z J, Yu D Q, Wang L, et al.Effect of skew angle of holes on the thermal fatigue behavior of a Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J]. Acta Metall. Sin.(Engl. Lett.), 2017, 30: 185

[1]	MA Dexin, ZHAO Yunxing, XU Weitai, PI Libo, LI Zhongxing. Surface Effect on Eutectic Structure Distribution in Single Crystal Superalloy Castings[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(12): 1539-1548.
[2]	WU Yupeng, ZHANG Bo, LI Jingming, ZHANG Shuangnan, WU Ying, WANG Yumin, CAI Guixi. Ultrasonic Detection for Fiber Broken in Aero-Engine Integral Bladed Ring[J]. 金属学报, 2020, 56(8): 1175-1184.
[3]	GUO Xiaotong, ZHENG Weiwei, LI Longfei, FENG Qiang. Cooling Rate Driven Thin-Wall Effects on the Microstructures and Stress Rupture Properties of K465 Superalloy[J]. 金属学报, 2020, 56(12): 1654-1666.
[4]	ZHANG Jun,JIE Ziqi,HUANG Taiwen,YANG Wenchao,LIU Lin,FU Hengzhi. Research and Development of Equiaxed Grain Solidification and Forming Technology for Nickel-Based Cast Superalloys[J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55(9): 1145-1159.
[5]	XU Qingyan,YANG Cong,YAN Xuewei,LIU Baicheng. Development of Numerical Simulation in Nickel-Based Superalloy Turbine Blade Directional Solidification[J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55(9): 1175-1184.
[6]	XIE Guang, ZHANG Shaohua, ZHENG Wei, ZHANG Gong, SHEN Jian, LU Yuzhang, HAO Hongquan, WANG Li, LOU Langhong, ZHANG Jian. Formation and Evolution of Low Angle Grain Boundary in Large-Scale Single Crystal Superalloy Blade[J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55(12): 1527-1536.
[7]	Yadong CHEN, Yunrong ZHENG, Qiang FENG. EVALUATING SERVICE TEMPERATURE FIELD OF HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE BLADES MADE OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED DZ125 SUPERALLOY BASED ON MICRO-STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION[J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52(12): 1545-1556.
[8]	Yumin WANG, Guoxing ZHANG, Xu ZHANG, Qing YANG, Lina YANG, Rui YANG. ADVANCES IN SiC FIBER REINFORCED TITANIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES[J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52(10): 1153-1170.
[9]	TANG Ning, WANG Yanli, XU Qingyan, ZHAO Xihong, LIU Baicheng. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFIED MICROSTRUCTURE OF WIDE-CHORD AERO BLADE BY BRIDGEMAN PROCESS[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51(4): 499-512.
[10]	MA,Dexin,. DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTAL SOLIDIFICA- TION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF SUPERALLOY TURBINE BLADES[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51(10): 1179-1190.
[11]	Jinyan TONG,Wei FENG,Chao FU,Yunrong ZHENG,Qiang FENG. MICROSTRUCTURAL DEGRADATION AND MECHANI- CAL PROPERTIES OF GH4033 ALLOY AFTER OVERHEATING FOR SHORT TIME[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51(10): 1242-1252.
[12]	PAN Dong XU Qingyan LIU Baicheng. MODELLING ON DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF SUPERALLOY BLADES WITH FURNACE WALL TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION[J]. 金属学报, 2010, 46(3): 294-303.
[13]	ZHANG Jian SHEN Jian LU Yuzhang LOU Langhong. PROCESSING, MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED CASTINGS FOR INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS[J]. 金属学报, 2010, 46(11): 1322-1326.
[14]	. Radiative Heat Transfer Calculation for Superalloy Turbine Blade in Directional Solidification Process[J]. 金属学报, 2007, 43(5): 465-471 .
[15]	. [J]. 金属学报, 2007, 43(10): 1113-1120 .

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed