Influence of Dispersed Solid Particles on the Liquid-Liquid Separation Process of Al-Bi Alloys

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00327

Acta Metall Sin

2019, Vol. 55

Issue (3): 399-409 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00327

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Influence of Dispersed Solid Particles on the Liquid-Liquid Separation Process of Al-Bi Alloys

Lin ZHANG,Tiannan MAN,Engang WANG(

)

Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

Cite this article:

Lin ZHANG,Tiannan MAN,Engang WANG. Influence of Dispersed Solid Particles on the Liquid-Liquid Separation Process of Al-Bi Alloys. Acta Metall Sin, 2019, 55(3): 399-409.

Download:

HTML

PDF(9854KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Al-Bi alloy is a kind of bearing material with self-lubricating performance. Whereas, in such immiscible alloys macrosegregation occurs generally due to the miscibility gap in solidification process. This study is designed to produce CeBi₂ compound particles in Al-Bi melt through the addition of rare earth element Ce. The solidification experiment is processed with liquid quenching and natural cooling respectively, and the effect of dispersive solid particles on liquid-liquid separation is compared at different cooling rate. The dispersive solid particles act as nucleation site and improve the nucleation rate of Bi-rich droplets in liquid-liquid solidification, leading to the size refinement and dispersive distribution of Bi-rich phase, which promote the bearing performance of Al-Bi alloy. The behavior of Bi-rich droplets is simulated by using of discrete multi-particle approach, considering the movement, growth and collision. The results show that Stokes motion is the main cause of macrosegregation, and the natural convection affects the distribution of droplets. The natural convection prolongs the suspension time of droplets, and reduces the macrosegregation. In the case of Ce addition, CeBi₂ acts as nucleation site to enhance the amount of Bi-rich particles in each time step of simulation and refine the droplet size, which lead to a reduction of macrosegregation. Compared with the Ce free specimens, Al-Bi-Ce alloy has a slower segregation rate and relatively less macrosegregation. Both the simulation and experiment results show a multimodal particle size distribution, and their peak value decrease with increasing particle size. The simulated results is in good accordance with the experiment.

Key words: immiscible alloy Al-Bi Ce liquid-liquid separation solid particle

Received: 31 July 2018

ZTFLH:	TG146.1
	TG113.12

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51674083);National Natural Science Foundation of China(50901019);Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B07015)

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	Lin ZHANG
	Tiannan MAN
	Engang WANG

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00327 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2019/V55/I3/399

Fig.1 Microstructures of Al-Bi (a, c) and Al-Bi-Ce (b, d) alloys after liquid quenching (a, b) and natural cooling (c, d)

Fig.2 Size distributions of the dispersed droplets in Al-Bi (a) and Al-Bi-Ce (b) alloys after liquid quenching (The bars represent the counts of droplets in the cross-section region of 1 mm², and the dotted lines represent the log-normal distribution of probability density)

Fig.3 SEM image (a) and EDS analyses (b) of Al-Bi-Ce alloy

Fig.4 Coefficient of friction (a) and wear rate (b) as a function of sliding distance in Al-Bi and Al-Bi-Ce alloys

Fig.5 The temperature field (a) and flow velocity field (b) in model

Fig.6 Spatial microstructure evolutions in Al-Bi alloys (a~e) and Al-Bi-Ce alloys (f~j) at time of 0 s (a, f), 0.5 s (b, g), 1 s (c, h), 2 s (d, i), 3 s (e, j)

Fig.7 Average radius and number of droplets in Al-Bi and Al-Bi-Ce alloys as a function of time

Fig.8 Evolution of a droplet radius distribution with time for Al-Bi (a) and Al-Bi-Ce (b) alloys

Fig.9 Comparison of radius distribution between inner part and outer part in Al-Bi, 2 s (a) and Al-Bi-Ce, 2.5 s (b) alloys

[1]	Ratke L, Diefenbach S. Liquid immiscible alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1995, R15: 263
[2]	Manasijević D, Minić D, Balanović L, et al. Experimental investigation and thermodynamic prediction of the Al-Bi-In phase diagram [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 687: 969
[3]	Carlberg T, Fredriksson H. The influence of microgravity on the solidification of Zn-Bi immiscible alloys [J]. Metall. Trans., 1980, 11A: 1665
[4]	Huang Q, Luo X H, Li Y Y. An alloy solidification experiment conducted on Shenzhou spacecraft [J]. Adv. Space Res., 2005, 36: 86
[5]	Andrews J B, Briggs C J, Robinson M B. Containerless low gravity processing of immiscible gold-rhodium alloys [R]. Alabama: Marshall Space Flight Center, 1990
[6]	Wang N, Zhang L, Peng Y L, et al. Composition-dependence of core-shell microstructure formation in monotectic alloys under reduced gravity conditions [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 663: 379
[7]	Chen S, Zhao J Z. Solidification of monotectic alloy under laser surface treatment conditions [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2013, 49: 537
[7]	陈书, 赵九洲. 偏晶合金在激光表面处理条件下的凝固行为研究 [J]. 金属学报, 2013, 49: 537
[8]	Li Z Q, Wang W L, Zhai W, et al. Formation mechanism of layered microstructure and monotectic cell within rapidly solidified Fe62.1Sn27.9Si10 alloy [J]. Acta Phys. Sin., 2011, 60: 705
[8]	李志强, 王伟丽, 翟薇等. 快速凝固Fe62.1Sn27.9Si10合金的分层组织和偏晶胞形成机理 [J]. 物理学报, 2011, 60: 705
[9]	Wei B, Herlach D M, Sommer F, et al. Rapid solidification of undercooled eutectic and monotectic alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1993, A173: 355
[10]	Luo S B, Wang W L, Chang J, et al. A comparative study of dendritic growth within undercooled liquid pure Fe and Fe50Cu50 alloy [J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 69: 355
[11]	Zhao L, Jiang H X, Ahmad T, et al. Study of solidification for gas-atomized droplet of Cu-Co-Fe alloy [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 51: 883
[11]	赵雷, 江鸿翔, Ahmad T等. Cu-Co-Fe合金雾化合金液滴凝固过程研究 [J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51: 883
[12]	Zhai W, Liu H M, Zuo P F, et al. Effect of power ultrasound on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al81.3Sn12.3Cu6.4 monotectic alloy [J]. Prog. Nat. Sci., 2015, 25: 471
[13]	Da D A, Jiang W S, Wang Y M. Process of binary monotectic alloy under simulated microgravity effect by electromagnetic force [J]. Chin. Space Sci. Technol., 1988, 8(6): 20
[13]	达道安, 姜万顺, 王毓敏. 用电磁力模拟空间微重力效应制备二元偏晶合金 [J]. 中国空间科学技术, 1988, 8(6): 20)
[14]	Jiang H X, He J, Zhao J Z. Influence of electric current pulses on the solidification of Cu-Bi-Sn immiscible alloys [J]. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5: 12680
[15]	Zhang L, Wang E G, Zuo X W, et al. Effect of high magnetic field on solidified structure of Cu-80%Pb hypermonotectic alloy [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2008, 44: 165
[15]	张林, 王恩刚, 左小伟等. 强磁场对Cu-80%Pb过偏晶合金凝固组织的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2008, 44: 165
[16]	He J, Zhao J Z, Wang X F, et al. Investigation of rapid directional solidification of Al-based immiscible alloys Ⅱ. Effect of static magnetic field [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2007, 43: 567
[16]	何杰, 赵九洲, 王晓峰等. Al基难混溶合金快速定向凝固研究Ⅱ. 恒定磁场的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2007, 43: 567
[17]	Yasuda H, Ohnaka I, Kawakami O, et al. Effect of magnetic field on solidification in Cu-Pb monotectic alloys [J]. ISIJ Int., 2003, 43: 942
[18]	Zhang L, Man T N, Huang M H, et al. Numerical simulation of droplets behavior of Cu-Pb immiscible alloys solidifying under magnetic field [J]. Materials, 2017, 10: 1005
[19]	Kaban I G, Hoyer W. Characteristics of liquid-liquid immiscibility in Al-Bi-Cu, Al-Bi-Si, and Al-Bi-Sn monotectic alloys: Differential scanning calorimetry, interfacial tension, and density difference measurements [J]. Phys. Rev., 2008, 77B: 125426
[20]	Zhang H W, Xian A P. Effect of the third element on the structure of casting Al-Bi immiscible alloys [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2000, 36: 347
[20]	张宏闻, 冼爱平. 第三组元对Al-Bi偏晶合金凝固组织的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2000, 36: 347
[21]	He J, Zhao J Z, Wang X F, et al. Investigation of rapid directional solidification of Al-based immiscible alloys Ⅲ. Effect of the third element [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2007, 43: 573
[21]	何杰, 赵九洲, 王晓峰等. Al基难混溶合金快速定向凝固研究Ⅲ.第三组元的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2007, 43: 573
[22]	Kaban I, K?hler M, Ratke L, et al. Phase separation in monotectic alloys as a route for liquid state fabrication of composite materials [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47: 8360
[23]	Sun Q, Jiang H X, Zhao J Z, et al. Effect of TiC particles on the liquid-liquid decomposition of Al-Pb alloys [J]. Mater. Des., 2016, 91: 361
[24]	Sun Q, Jiang H X, Zhao J Z, et al. Microstructure evolution during the liquid-liquid phase transformation of Al-Bi alloys under the effect of TiC particles [J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 129: 321
[25]	Zhang L, Wang E G, Zuo X W, et al. Effect of magnetic field on liquid-liquid separation of Cu-Pb-La hypermonotectic alloy [J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2015, 44: 344
[25]	张林, 王恩刚, 左小伟等. 磁场对Cu-Pb-La过偏晶合金液-液分离的作用 [J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2015, 44: 344
[26]	Nestler B, Wheeler A A, Ratke L, et al. Phase-field model for solidification of a monotectic alloy with convection [J]. Physica, 2000, 141D: 133
[27]	Farjami S, Koyama T, Kainuma R, et al. Phase-field simulation of dragging of liquid Bi particles during the thermally activated migration of grain boundaries in the Al-Bi system [J]. Scr. Mater., 2007, 56: 433
[28]	Ratke L. Coarsening of liquid Al-Pb dispersions under reduced gravity conditions [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1995, A203: 399
[29]	Zhao J Z, Ratke L. A model describing the microstructure evolution during a cooling of immiscible alloys in the miscibility gap [J]. Scr. Mater., 2004, 50: 543
[30]	Li H L, Zhao J Z, Zhang Q X, et al. Microstructure formation in a directionally solidified immiscible alloy [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2008, 39A: 3308
[31]	Patankar S V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow [M]. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 1980: 13
[32]	Ratke L, Voorhees P W. Growth and Coarsening: Ostwald Ripening in Materials Processing [M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2002: 242
[33]	Kaptay G. On the temperature gradient induced interfacial gradient force, acting on precipitated liquid droplets in monotectic liquid alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Forum, 2006, 508: 269

[1]	ZHENG Liang, ZHANG Qiang, LI Zhou, ZHANG Guoqing. Effects of Oxygen Increasing/Decreasing Processes on Surface Characteristics of Superalloy Powders and Properties of Their Bulk Alloy Counterparts: Powders Storage and Degassing[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(9): 1265-1278.
[2]	WANG Lei, LIU Mengya, LIU Yang, SONG Xiu, MENG Fanqiang. Research Progress on Surface Impact Strengthening Mechanisms and Application of Nickel-Based Superalloys[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(9): 1173-1189.
[3]	LI Jiarong, DONG Jianmin, HAN Mei, LIU Shizhong. Effects of Sand Blasting on Surface Integrity and High Cycle Fatigue Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(9): 1201-1208.
[4]	LIU Wei, CHEN Wanqi, MA Menghan, LI Kailun. Review of Irradiation Damage Behavior of Tungsten Exposed to Plasma in Nuclear Fusion[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(8): 986-1000.
[5]	CHANG Songtao, ZHANG Fang, SHA Yuhui, ZUO Liang. Recrystallization Texture Competition Mediated by Segregation Element in Body-Centered Cubic Metals[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(8): 1065-1074.
[6]	MU Yahang, ZHANG Xue, CHEN Ziming, SUN Xiaofeng, LIANG Jingjing, LI Jinguo, ZHOU Yizhou. Modeling of Crack Susceptibility of Ni-Based Superalloy for Additive Manufacturing via Thermodynamic Calculation and Machine Learning[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(8): 1075-1086.
[7]	SI Yongli, XUE Jintao, WANG Xingfu, LIANG Juhua, SHI Zimu, HAN Fusheng. Effect of Cr Addition on the Corrosion Behavior of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(7): 905-914.
[8]	WANG Furong, ZHANG Yongmei, BAI Guoning, GUO Qingwei, ZHAO Yuhong. First Principles Calculation of Al-Doped Mg/Mg₂Sn Alloy Interface[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(6): 812-820.
[9]	ZHANG Bin, TIAN Da, SONG Zhuman, ZHANG Guangping. Research Progress in Dwell Fatigue Service Reliability of Titanium Alloys for Pressure Shell of Deep-Sea Submersible[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(6): 713-726.
[10]	WANG Hanyu, LI Cai, ZHAO Can, ZENG Tao, WANG Zumin, HUANG Yuan. Direct Alloying of Immiscible Tungsten and Copper Based on Nano Active Structure and Its Thermodynamic Mechanism[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(5): 679-692.
[11]	LI Dianzhong, WANG Pei. Tailoring Microstructures of Metals[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 447-456.
[12]	MA Zongyi, XIAO Bolv, ZHANG Junfan, ZHU Shize, WANG Dong. Overview of Research and Development for Aluminum Matrix Composites Driven by Aerospace Equipment Demand[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 457-466.
[13]	ZHANG Zhefeng, LI Keqiang, CAI Tuo, LI Peng, ZHANG Zhenjun, LIU Rui, YANG Jinbo, ZHANG Peng. Effects of Stacking Fault Energy on the Deformation Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Face-Centered Cubic Metals[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 467-477.
[14]	WANG Jingyang, SUN Luchao, LUO Yixiu, TIAN Zhilin, REN Xiaomin, ZHANG Jie. Rare Earth Silicate Environmental Barrier Coating Material: High-Entropy Design and Resistance to CMAS Corrosion[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 523-536.
[15]	WAN Tao, CHENG Zhao, LU Lei. Effect of Component Proportion on Mechanical Behaviors of Laminated Nanotwinned Cu[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 567-576.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed